How old do you think are these two dogs?

Why do we need logarithms?

Logarithms (logs) are used in many applications and explain much

about how we perceive the world.

The world has such extreme ranges that only logs make it possible
to deal with them.

We perceive the world in a way that is logarithmic in nature.

Our eyes, ears, touch and sense of smell all behave in a logarithmic,
not a linear, manner.

We even think logarithmically.

 We think using log scales
For instance, if one store charges $1 for an item and another
charges $2, that seems like a big difference

But for a different item, if one store charges $500 and another
charges $501...it doesn't seem like such a big difference.

The linear difference is the same, $1.

But the log difference between $1 and $2 is 0.3,

While the log difference between $500 and $501 is 0.0008.

The log relationship more closely reflects the way we perceive

these differences in price.
Some examples from science and technology
Sound levels are measured in
decibels (dB), which is a logarithmic
scale.

pH is a log scale used in chemistry, biology,

physics, medicine, agriculture, and other
sciences.

The Richter scale, used to measure

the magnitude of earthquakes, is a
logarithmic scale.

In addition, we need to use logarithms in solving equations

when the exponent is the unknown.
 Intro to Logarithms
Objectives:
1. Understand and explain the relationship of
exponential functions and logarithmic
functions.
2. Simplify and evaluate logarithmic
expressions using the properties.

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of Contents
 Solving for the Exponent

Logarithms are an inverse of powers.

So, to understand logarithms, it's important to first understand

inverse operations.
 Inverse Operations

Recall from prior ⇔ is the symbol for

math courses:
Reminder:

5 + 4 = 95 ⇔
biconditional. The first
Addition & subtraction are inverses of one another.
biconditional statement is read as

Teacher Note
+ 49=−94 if= and
5 only if 9 − 4 = 5.

7(4) = 28 ⇔
Multiplication & division are inverses
They couldof also
one another.
be read as 2
28/4 statements,
if-then =7 which are
both true:

10 = 100 ⇔ If(100)
Powers & roots, respectively, are inverses of one another.
2
If 5 +1/2
4 = 9, then 9 − 4 = 5.
9−4= = 10
5, then 5 + 4 = 9.
Remember: The denominator of a fractional exponent represents
the root.
 Solving for the Exponent

Solve the following. Discuss the strategies that are being used.

x
a) 2 = 64

6x
b) b) 8 = 512

x−1
c) 3 = 18

Did any equations give you more difficulty than others? Why?

Discuss.
 Solving for the Exponent

Solutions

x 6x x−1
a) 2 = 64 b) 8 = 512 c) 3 = 18
x 6 6x 3
2 =2 8 =8
x=6 6x = 3
x = 1/2 = 0.5
Now what?

None of the strategies for solving equations that we know of can

be used to solve problem c).

That doesn't mean that we can't solve it. Instead, it leads us to

the next operation that we will study.
 Logarithms
Let b be a positive number with b ≠ 1. The logarithmic function
with base b, denoted by logb, is defined by

logb u = v ⇔ b = u
v

For example, 3 = 9 ⇔ log3(9) = 2

2

Notice that the base of the exponent and the base of the
logarithm are the same. The exponent becomes what the log is
equivalent to.
 Intro to Logarithms

The three equations below are all true and can be written
interchangeably.

log4(64) = 3 ⇔ 4 = 64 ⇔ 64
3 1/3
=4

Let's practice relating these three equations to one another.

Write the other two equations.

4
3 = 81
 Intro to Logarithms
The three equations below are all true and can be written
interchangeably.

log4(64) = 3 ⇔ 4 = 64 ⇔ 64
3 1/3
=4

Let's practice relating these three equations to one another.

Write the other two equations.

4
3 = 81
1/4
81 =3

log3(81) = 4
 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

−2 −3
5 = 1/25 4 = 1/64
 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

−2 −3
5 = 1/25 4 = 1/64
−1/2 −1/3
(1/25) =5 (1/64) =4

log5(1/25) = −2 log4(1/64) = −3
 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

log7(343) = 3 log5(25) = 2
 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

log7(343) = 3 log5(25) = 2
3 2
7 = 343 5 = 25
1/3 1/2
(343) =7 (25) =5
 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

log6(1/36) = −2 log3(1/27) = −3
 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

log6(1/36) = −2 log3(1/27) = −3
−2 −3
6 = 1/36 3 = 1/27
−1/2 −1/3
(1/36) =6 (1/27) =3
 105 Which is the correct logarithmic form of:

5
2 = 32
A log32(2) = 5

B log5(2) = 32

Answer
C log2(5) = 32
D
D log2(32) = 5

E I need help

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 106 Which is the correct logarithmic form of:

2
7 = 49
A log7(49) = 2

B log2(49) = 7

Answer
C log7(2) = 49
A
D log49(7) = 49

E I need help

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 107 Which is the correct exponential form of:
log2(16) = 4

Answer
A 42 = 16
C
B 16 = 2 4

C 24 = 16

D 416 = 2

E I need help

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 108 Which is the correct exponential form of:
log2(0.125) = −3

A 20.125 = −3

B 2−3 = 0.125

Answer
C −32 = 0.125
B
D 0.125−3 = 2

E I need help

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g
 109 Which is the correct logarithmic form of:

Answer
A C
D

B D

E I need help

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 Common Logarithms
Base 10 logarithms are called

Common Logarithms or Common Logs.

When the symbol "log" is used without an indicated base, it is a

common logarithm and uses a base of 10.

Write the other two equations.

4
10 = 10,000

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 Common Logarithms
Base 10 logarithms are called

Common Logarithms or Common Logs.

When the symbol "log" is used without an indicated base, it is a

common logarithm and uses a base of 10.

Write the other two equations.

4
10 = 10,000
1/4
(10,000) = 10
log(10,000) = 4
 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

6 −2
10 = 1,000,000 10 = 0.01
 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

6 −2
10 = 1,000,000 10 = 0.01
1/6 −1/2
(1,000,000) = 10 (0.01) = 10
log(1,000,000) = 6 log(0.01) = −2
 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

log(100,000) = 5 log(0.0001) = −4
 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

log(100,000) = 5 log(0.0001) = −4
5 −4
10 = 100,000 10 = 0.0001
1/5 −1/4
(100,000) = 10 (0.0001) = 10
 110 Which is the correct logarithmic form of:

3
10 = 1,000
A log(3000) = 10

Answer
B log(3) = 1,000
C
C log(1,000) = 3

D log(1,000) = 5

E I need help

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 111 Which is the correct logarithmic form of:

−3
10 = 0.001
A log(0.001) = −3

B log(−3) = 1,000

Answer
C log(3,000) = 1
A
D log(3) = −1,000

E I need help

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 112 Which is the correct exponential form of:
log(1,000) = 3

A 103 = 1,000

Answer
B 10
3 = 1,000 A
C 10−2 = 10

D 101,000 = 3

E I need help

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 113 Which is the correct exponential form of:
log(0.01) = −2

A 100.01 = −2

Answer
B −210 = 0.01 C
C 10−2 = 0.01

D 10−2 = 100

E I need help

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 114 Which is the correct logarithmic form of:

5
10 = 100,000
A log(5) = 100,000

B log(100,000) = 5

Answer
C log(5,000) = 10 B
D log(100,000) = 50

E I need help

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 Natural Logs

Another logarithm that is used so often that it is found on any

scientific calculator is the Natural Logarithm.

It uses a base of e.

Many important exponential functions for modeling both growth

and decay use the base e.

Solving for variables in those models, will require using the

inverse of raising e to a power,

It will require taking the loge.

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 Natural Logs

The symbol for this loge is ln and indicates a logarithm that uses
the irrational number e as its base.

No base is written, since ln means the loge.

ln 16 = x ⇔ e = 16
x

*Find ln on your calculator. This is loge.

 e
e is irrational, so it's decimal digits never repeat.

The first ten digits are:

e = 2.7182818284...

When an approximate answer is needed in this course, a

good approximation is

e ≈ 2.72

But answers can be left with the number e, when possible.

 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

6 −2
e ≈ 403.43 e ≈ 0.14
 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

6 −2
e ≈ 403.43 e ≈ 0.14
1/6 −1/2
(403.43) ≈e (0.14) ≈e
ln(403.43) ≈ 6 ln(0.14) ≈ −2
 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

ln(148.41) ≈ 5 ln(0.018) ≈ −4
 Intro to Logarithms
Example: Write the other two equations.

ln(148.41) ≈ 5 ln(0.018) ≈ −4
5 −4
e ≈ 148.41 e = 0.018
1/5 −1/4
(148.41) ≈e (0.018) ≈e
 115 Which is the correct logarithmic form of:

3
e ≈ 20.09
A ln(60.27) ≈ e

B ln(3) ≈ 20.09

Answer
C log(20.09) ≈ 3
D
D ln(20.09) ≈ 3

E I need help

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 116 Which is the correct logarithmic form of:

−3
e ≈ 0.050
A ln(0.050) ≈ −3

B ln(−3) ≈ 0.050

Answer
C log(0.050) ≈ −3
A
D ln(3) ≈ 0.050

E I need help

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 117 Which is the correct exponential form of:
ln(54.60) ≈ 4

A 4e ≈ 54.60

B e4 ≈ 54.60

Answer
C e−4 ≈ 54.60
B
D e54.60 ≈ 4

E I need help

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 118 Which is the correct exponential form of:
ln(0.37) ≈ −1

A (−1)e ≈ 0.37

B e1 ≈ 0.37

Answer
C e−1 ≈ 0.37
C
D e0.37 ≈ −1

E I need help

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 The Log of Zero
log(0)

is the power to which 10 would be raised in order to get zero.

There is no value of x that makes this expression true:

x
10 = 0

which means there is no value of x that makes this expression true:

log (0) = x

Therefore, there is no log of zero.

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Common Logs of Negative Numbers
Similarly, if we ask the question:
"To what power must 10 be raised in order to get −100?"

There is no answer, since there is no exponent for 10 which

would yield a negative number.

(This is true for all positive bases.)

There is no solution for these expressions:

x
10 = −100

or

log (−100) = x

Therefore there is also no log of a negative number.

 Solving Equations with
Logarithms & Exponents

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 Logarithms as Inverses
Since logarithms and exponents are inverses,

u
logb(b )=u
Taking the logarithm of base b, undoes raising b to a power.

The same way that subtracting undoes adding or

dividing undoes multiplying.

The above would be read as "what number would you raise b to

in order to get b to the u?".

By definition, the answer is u.

We will use this to solve equations with exponents.

 Logarithms as Inverses
This also works when raising a base b to the logarithm with the
same base of a number
logb u
b =u

Raising b to logb of u to, undoes the logb function.

If I raise b to the number which I would need to raise b to get to

get u, I will get u.

We will also use this to solve equations with logarithms.

 Solving Equations with Logarithms

Let's solve this equation for x.

5x
10 = 100 Take the log of both sides
5x
log(10 ) = log(100) Use the inverse property and simplify

5x = 2

x = 0.4

In this case, we were able to do log(100) without a calculator, but

sometimes that step is easier with a calculator.
 Solving Equations with Logs

log(3x + 7) = 2 Raise 10 to both sides of the

equation to eliminate the log.
log(3x + 7) = 2
10 10 Use the inverse property

3x + 7 = 100 Solve for x

3x = 93

x = 31
 ln as an Inverse Functions

Since ln and a power of e are inverses,

x
ln(e )=x
Taking the ln undoes raising e to a power.

The above would be read "what number would you raise

e to in order to get e to the x?"

By definition, the answer is x.

 ln as an Inverse Function
This also works when raising e to the natural log of a number.

(lnx)
e =x

Raising e to lnx undoes the ln function.

This equation states: If I raise e to the number which I would need

to raise e to get to get x, I will get x.

That statement is confusing but true.

We will also use this to solve equations with natural logarithms.

 Natural Logarithms
Solve.

5x
e =4
 Natural Logarithms
Solve.

5x
e =4

5x = ln(4)

x = ln(4)/5

x ≈ 0.277
 Natural Logarithms
Solve.
(3x + 2)
e =8
 Natural Logarithms
Solve.
(3x + 2)
e =8

3x + 2 = ln(8)

x = (ln(8) − 2)/3

x ≈ 0.0265
 Natural Logarithms
Solve.
ln(13x + 5) = 11
 Natural Logarithms
Solve.
ln(13x + 5) = 11

11
13x + 5 = e

11
x = (e − 5) / 13

x ≈ 4605
 119 Evaluate:
7
log(10 )
A e

B 7

Answer
C 10
B
D 10,000,000

E I need help

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 120 Evaluate:
(log(15))
10
A e

B 10

C 15
Answer
D 15,000 C

E I need help

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 121 Find the value of x.

A x=e

B x = e5

Answer
C x=5 C
D x = 148.41
E I need help

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 122 Find the value of x.

A x=7

Answer
B x=e
A
C x = e7

D x = 1,100

E I need help

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 123 Solve for x:

A x=4

Answer
x=3
C x=1 D
D x = −1
E I need help

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 124 Find the value of x.

A x=4

B x ≈ 3.79

Answer
x + 2 = ln 6
C x ≈ 1.39
x = ln 6 − 2
D x ≈ −0.21 x ≈ −0.21
E I need help
D

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 125 Solve for x:

A x ≈ −4.56

Answer
B x ≈ −3.62 A
C x ≈ 6.44
D x ≈ 7.38
E I need help

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 126 Find the value of x.

A x ≈ 0.049
B x ≈ 20.09

Answer
C x = 30
D x = 1,000
E I need help B

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 127 Solve for x:
log(2x + 20) = 2

Answer
A x ≈ −6.31
B x = 40 B

C x = 60
D x = 490
E I need help

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 128 Solve for x:
log(3x − 70) = 4.5

A x ≈ 53.34

Answer
B x ≈ 113.35
C
C x ≈ 10,564.26

D x ≈ 31,646.11
E I need help

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 129 Find the value of x.

A x ≈ −0.41
B x ≈ −0.32

Answer
C x ≈ −0.15 C
D x ≈ 0.19
E I need help

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 Logs with Bases other than 10

Working with bases other than e or 10 is no

more difficult, but will be done a lot more next
year in Pre-Calculus.

In order to help you prepare for Pre-Calculus,

we'll practice writing the inverse equations and
then solve logarithmic equations with a
base of 2.

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 Logs with a Base of 2
Similar to log and 10 raised to a power being inverses of one
another, log2 and 2 raised to a power will also be inverses of one
another.

3x−2
Example: Solve the equation 2 = 16 for x
3x−2
2 = 16
3x−2 Take log2 to both sides
log2(2 ) = log2(16)
Solve the equation algebraically
3x − 2 = 4
3x = 6
x=2
 Logs with a Base of 2
Similar to log and 10 raised to a power being inverses of one
another, log2 and 2 raised to a power will also be inverses of one
another.

Example: Solve the equation log2(5x − 13) = 5 for x.

log2(5x − 13) = 5
log2(5x − 13) = 5 Raise 2 to both sides of the equation to
2 2 eliminate the log2.
5x − 13 = 32 Solve the equation algebraically.
5x = 45
x=9
 130 Solve the equation for x.
log2(6x − 2) = 6

A x=5

B x ≈ 5.67

Answer
C x ≈ 10.33
D
D x = 11
E I need help

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 131 Solve the equation for x.

2−x 1
2 = 8
A x = −6

B x = −5
C x=5 Answer
D x=6 C

E I need help

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 132 Solve the equation for x.
log2(0.5x) = −3

A x = 1/16
B x = 1/4

Answer
C x=4 B
D x = 16

E I need help

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 133 Solve the equation for x.

4x+1
2 = 32
A x=1

B x = 1.25

Answer
C x = 1.5 A

D x = 1.75

E I need help

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 Applications for Natural Logarithms

If $500 is invested at 4%, compounded continuously, how long

until the account balance is doubled?

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 Applications for Natural Logarithms

If $500 is invested at 4%, compounded continuously, how long

until the account balance is doubled?

If you remember, the equation for an investment that is

continuously compounded is

rt
S = Pe
 Applications for Natural Logarithms

If $500 is invested at 4%, compounded continuously, how long

until the account balance is doubled?

Now, if we substitute the known information into the equation, we

can solve it for t.

It will take about 17.3 years for the money to double.

 Applications for Natural Logarithms

Example: If the half-life of an element is 35 years, at what

rate does it decay?
 Applications for Natural Logarithms
Example: If the half-life of an element is 35 years, at what
rate does it decay?

In this problem, we can use the same equation that is used for
bank accounts that are continuously compounded, since the
element is continuously deteriorating.

rt
S = Pe

where
- S is the amount of the element remaining
- P is the principal, or starting, amount of the element
- r is the rate of decay
- t is the time in years

However, since the element is deteriorating, our rate should

 Applications for Natural Logarithms
Example: If the half-life of an element is 35 years, at what
rate does it decay?

We don't know the mass of the element to begin the problem,

but we do know that the goal is to find the rate that will make the
element to reach half of its initial value, P.

We also know that the time is 35 years.

If we substitute these values into our equation, we get

35r
1/2P = Pe
 Applications for Natural Logarithms
Example: If the half-life of an element is 35 years, at what
rate does it decay?
35r
1/2P = Pe

If we divide both sides of the equation by P, it simplifies to

35r
1/2 = e

Now, we can take the ln of both sides and solve

ln(0.5) = 35r

r = ln(0.5)/35

r = −0.0198
Applications for Natural Logarithms
Example: A bacteria grows constantly at a rate of 10%
per hour. If there were initially 100 bacteria, how long until
there are 1,000?
Applications for Natural Logarithms
Example: A bacteria grows constantly at a rate of 10%
per hour. If there were initially 100 bacteria, how long until
there are 1,000?

It will take the colony 23 hours to increase its population

from 100 to 1,000.
 134 If $1,000 is invested at 3.5%, compounded continuously,
how long until the account balance is doubled?

A 1.98 years

Answer
B 8.56 years
19.8 years
C 19.8 years

D 85.6 years
C
E I need help

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 135 What was the rate of your investment if you invested
$5000 over 10 years, compounded continuously and
you made $2,200 in interest?
A 0.365%

B 3.65%

Answer
C 36.5%

D 365%

E I need help
B

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 136 If an oil spill widens continually at a rate of 15% per
hour, how long will it take to grow from 2 miles wide to 3
miles wide?

A 2.7 hours

B 1.5 hours

Answer
C 27.03 hours It would take ≈ 2.7 hours

D 0.3 hour

E I need help A

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 137 NASA calculates that the orbit of a communications
satellite is decaying exponentially at a rate of 12%
per day. If the satellite is 20,000 miles above the
Earth, how long until it is visible to the naked eye at
50 miles above the earth?

Answer
A about 307 days

B about 499 days

C about 31 days D

D about 50 days

E I need help

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 138 If the half-life of an element is 50 years, at what rate
does it decay?

50r
A It decays at a rate of 1.4% per
0.5year.
= 1e
ln(0.5) = 50r
B It decays at a rate of 14% per year.

Answer
r = ln(0.5)/50
r =per
C It decays at a rate of 3.2% −0.014
year.= −1.4%
It decays at a rate of 1.4% per
D It decays at a rate of 6.0% per year.
year.

E I need help
A

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 Logarithmic Functions

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of Contents
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 Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
Just as exponents and logarithms are used as inverse operations
of each other, exponential and logarithmic functions are inverse
functions.
y=
Recall that inverse functions are x
functions that are formed by
switching the x- and y-values in
their equations. Their graphs are
found by reflecting the other x
y=e y = ln x
across the line y = x.

The graphs shown to the right

x
are y = e and y = ln x.
 Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
Just as exponents and logarithms are used as inverse operations
of each other, exponential and logarithmic functions are inverse
functions.
y=
The asymptote in the parent x
exponential function is y = 0
(x-axis).

x
Since exponential and y=e y = ln x
logarithmic functions are
inverses, the asymptote in the
parent logarithmic function is x =
0 (y-axis).
 Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
Just as exponents and logarithms are used as inverse operations
of each other, exponential and logarithmic functions are inverse
functions.
y=
Similarly, instead of always x
having a y-intercept as
exponential functions do,
logarithmic functions always (0, 1)
have an x-intercept. x
y=e y = ln x
(1, 0)
 Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
Just as exponents and logarithms are used as inverse operations
of each other, exponential and logarithmic functions are inverse
functions.
y=
As with other inverse functions, x
the domain and range of
exponential and logarithmic
functions will switch.
x
x y=e y = ln x
y=e
Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (0, ∞)

y = ln x
Domain: (0, ∞)
Range: (−∞, ∞)
 Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
x
Find the inverse of the function y = 2 . Graph both functions in the
coordinate plane below.
x
y=2

y = log2x

y=
x
 Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
x
Find the inverse of the function y = 2 . Graph both functions in the
coordinate plane below.
To find the inverse, we x
y=2
need to switch the x and
y in the initial equation &
y = log2x
solve for y.

x
y=2
y
x=2
log2x = y y=
x
 Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
Find the inverse of the function y = ln(x − 2). Graph both functions
in the coordinate plane below.

x
y=e +2

y=
x y = ln x − 2
 Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
Find the inverse of the function y = ln(x − 2). Graph both functions
in the coordinate plane below.

To find the inverse, we

need to switch the x and
y in the initial equation &
solve for y. x
y=e +2
y = ln(x − 2)
e x =e ln(y − 2)

x
e =y−2 y=
x x y = ln (x − 2)
e +2=y
 139 For the logarithmic function, determine its inverse
exponential function.

Answer
x
A y=e
B
x
B y = 10
C I need help

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 140 For the same function, what are the domain and range?

A Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (−∞, 0)
B Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (0, ∞)

Answer
C Domain: (−∞, 0)
D
Range: (−∞, ∞)
D Domain: (0, ∞)
Range: (−∞, ∞)
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 141 Now, find the x-intercept:

A (0, 0)

Answer
B (1, 0) B

C (2, 0)

D (10, 0)

E I need help

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 142 For the logarithmic function, determine its inverse
exponential function.

x
A y=e −4

Answer
x
B y=e +4
x−4 A
C y=e

D y = ex + 4

E I need help

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 143 For the same function, what are the domain and range?

A Domain: (−∞, −4)

Range: (−∞, ∞)
B Domain: (−4, ∞)

Answer
Range: (−∞, ∞)
B
C Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (−∞, −4)
D Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (−4, ∞)
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 144 Find the x-intercept for the same function:

A (−4, 0)

Answer
B (−3, 0) B

C (3, 0)

D (5, 0)

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 Combining Transformations with
Logarithmic Functions
Transformations also occur in logarithmic functions.

The relationship between the general transformations formula

and exponential functions with transformations are shown
below.

When performing transformations on logarithmic functions, the

domain, range, x-intercept, and asymptote will change.

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 Combining Transformations with
Logarithmic Functions
Example: Let . Graph . Then

describe the transformations that map the graph of to .

 Combining Transformations with
Logarithmic Functions
Example: Let . Graph . Then

describe the transformations that map the graph of to .

vertical shrink with a factor of 0.5
 Combining Transformations with
Logarithmic Functions
Example: Analyze the function .

Domain:
Range:
x-intercept:
Vertical Asymptote:
Increasing or Decreasing?
 Combining Transformations with
Logarithmic Functions
Example: Analyze the function .

Domain: (0, ∞)
Range: (−∞, ∞)
x-intercept: (1, 0)
Vertical Asymptote: x = 0
Increasing or Decreasing?
 Combining Transformations with
Logarithmic Functions
Example: Let . Graph . Then

describe the transformations that map the graph of to .

 Combining Transformations with
Logarithmic Functions
Example: Let . Graph . Then

describe the transformations that map the graph of to .

reflection about the x-axis

vertical shift up 2 units
 Combining Transformations with
Logarithmic Functions
Example: Analyze the function .

Domain:
Range:
x-intercept:
Vertical Asymptote:
Increasing or Decreasing?
 Combining Transformations with
Logarithmic Functions
Example: Analyze the function .

Domain: (0, ∞)
Range: (−∞, ∞)
x-intercept: (4, 0)
Vertical Asymptote: x = 0
Increasing or Decreasing?
 Combining Transformations with
Logarithmic Functions
Example: Let . Graph . Then

describe the transformations that map the graph of to .

 Combining Transformations with
Logarithmic Functions
Example: Let . Graph . Then

describe the transformations that map the graph of to .

vertical stretch with a factor of 2
reflection about the y-axis
vertical shift down 4 units
 Combining Transformations with
Logarithmic Functions
Example: Analyze the function .

Domain:
Range:
x-intercept:
Vertical Asymptote:
Increasing or Decreasing?
 Combining Transformations with
Logarithmic Functions
Example: Analyze the function .

Domain: (−∞, 0)
Range: (−∞, ∞)
x-intercept: (−4, 0)
Vertical Asymptote: x = 0
Increasing or Decreasing?
 145 Let .
Which equation is equivalent to ?

Answer
B
B

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 146 Let .
Which line is the asymptote of ?

A x = −2

Answer
B x=0 B
C x=2

D x=3

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 147 Let .
What is the x-intercept of ?

A (4, 0)

B (3, 0)

Answer
C (2, 0) A

D (−3, 0)

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 148 Let . Which graph is the graph of ?

A Red

Answer
B Blue
B
C Purple

D Black

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 149 Which transformation maps to
?

A horizontal shift left 2 units

B horizontal shift right 2 units

Answer
C vertical shift down 2 units C

D vertical shift up 2 units

E I need help

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 150 The function passes through the point
(8, 3). After the transformation, where does this point end
up in ?
A (8, 5)

B (8, 1)

Answer
C (−8, 1)
B
D (−8, 5)

E I need help

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 151 Let .
Which equation is equivalent to ?

Answer
B

D
C

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 152 Let .
Which line is the asymptote of ?

A x = −4

B x = −3

Answer
C x=3
A
D x=4

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 153 Let .
What is the x-intercept of ?

A (−4, 0)

B (−3, 0)

Answer
C (3, 0)
B
D (4, 0)

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 154 Let . Which is the graph of ?

A Red

B Blue

Answer
C Purple
B
D Black

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 155 What are the transformations that map to
?

A A horizontal shift right 4 units followed by a horizontal

stretch with a factor of 1/2.
B A horizontal shift left 4 units followed by a horizontal
stretch with a factor of 1/2.
Answer
C A horizontal shift right 4 units followed by a vertical
shrink with a factor of 1/2. D
D A horizontal shift left 4 units followed by a vertical
shrink with a factor of 1/2.
E I need help

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