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Lecture-6

The document discusses the physical layer of networking, focusing on the representation of bits, data rate, synchronization, and various transmission modes and configurations. It compares analog and digital signals, describes signal parameters, and explains concepts like bandwidth, latency, and network performance measures. Additionally, it addresses transmission impairments and provides examples and questions related to signal analysis and network throughput.

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4 views

Lecture-6

The document discusses the physical layer of networking, focusing on the representation of bits, data rate, synchronization, and various transmission modes and configurations. It compares analog and digital signals, describes signal parameters, and explains concepts like bandwidth, latency, and network performance measures. Additionally, it addresses transmission impairments and provides examples and questions related to signal analysis and network throughput.

Uploaded by

saiganesh.k
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICAL LAYER-

PART-1
SIGNALS AND ITS
PROPERTIES AND
NETWORK
PERFORMANCE
MEASURES
PHYSICAL LAYER:
SERVICES
Representation of Bits: Data in this layer consists of stream of bits. The bits must
be encoded into signals for transmission. It defines the type of encoding i.e., how
0's and 1's are changed to signal.
Data Rate: This layer defines the rate of transmission which is the number of bits
per second.
Synchronization: The sender and receiver are synchronized at bit level.
Interface: Transmission interface between devices and transmission medium.
Line Configuration: Point to Point configuration and Multipoint configuration.
Network topologies: Mesh, Star, Ring, Bus, Tree, and Hybrid.
Transmission Modes: Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex.
Deals with baseband and broadband transmission.
Physical layer

Data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals.


COMPARISON OF
ANALOG AND
DIGITAL SIGNALS
 Analog data refers to information that is
continuous
 Analog data take on continuous values
 Analog signals can have an infinite number of
values in a range

 Digital data refers to information that has


discrete states
 Digital data take on discrete values
 Digital signals can have only a limited number
of values
PARAMETERS TO
DESCRIBE A SIGNAL
 Peak Amplitude
 Frequency
 Phase
Signal amplitude and Frequency

• Frequency is the rate of change with


respect to time.
• If a signal does not change at all, its
frequency is zero
• Frequency and period are the inverse of
each other.
Phase

Phase describes the position of the waveform


relative to time 0

A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with


respect to time 0. What is its phase in
Three sine waves with the degrees and radians?
same amplitude and
frequency, 1 cycle= 360°
but different phases 1/6 cycle= 360x(1/6)
= 60°
WAVELENGT
H AND
PERIOD
Wavelength = Propagation speed x
Period
= Propagation speed /
Frequency
FREQUENCY
DOMAIN • The frequency domain
is more compact and
useful when we are
dealing with more than
one sine wave.
• A single-frequency sine
wave is not useful in
data communication
• We need to send a
composite signal, a
signal made of many
simple sine waves.
Fourier analysis

According to Fourier analysis,


any composite signal is a combination of simple sine waves with different
frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.

 If the composite signal is periodic, the decomposition gives a series of


signals with discrete frequencies;
 If the composite signal is nonperiodic, the decomposition gives a combination
of sine waves with continuous frequencies.
A composite periodic signal

Decomposition of
the composite
periodic signal in
the time and
frequency
domains
BANDWIDTH
The bandwidth of a composite signal
is the difference between the highest
and the lowest frequencies
contained in that signal.
Question

A nonperiodic composite signal has a bandwidth of 200 kHz, with


a middle frequency of 140 kHz and peak amplitude of 20 V. The
two extreme frequencies have an amplitude of 0. Draw the
frequency domain of the signal.

Solution

The lowest frequency must be at 40 kHz and the highest at 240 kHz.
Question

If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves with


frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what is its bandwidth?
Draw the spectrum, assuming all components have a maximum
amplitude of 10 V.

Solution
DIGITAL SIGNALS
WITH TWO
DIFFERENT LEVELS Most digital signals used
in data communication are
non-periodic, another term
‘Bit rate’ is used to
describe the digital signals

Bit rate- It is referred as


number of bits sent in 1
sec. It is expressed in bits
per second (bps).
Digital Signal Transmission

1. Baseband Transmission
• Communication technique in which digital signals are
transmitted over a transmission medium without change
in modulation.
• Ethernet is an example of a baseband system found on
many LANs

2. Broadband Transmission
• Communication technique of transmitting large In baseband transmission, the required bandwidth is
proportional to the bit rate;
amount of data such as voice, videos over a long
distance simultaneously by modulating each if we need to send bits faster, we need more
signal onto a different frequency. bandwidth.

• Example - used in cable TV, and fiber optics


media

• More expensive than baseband


Imperfection in the transmission
media causes impairment

CAUSES OF
IMPAIRMENT
Attenuation, Distortion and Noise

Attenuation Distortion

• Signal strength is expressed in decibel


Noise
dB =
where P= Power of signal

Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) = (Average Signal Power/ Average Noise Power)

SNRdB= 10 log10(SNR)
Question

1. Suppose a signal travels 2. The power of a signal is 10


through a transmission mW and the power of the noise
medium and its power is is 1μW; what are the values of
reduced to one-half. What is SNR and SNRdB ?
the attenuation?
Solution
The values of SNR and SNRdB can be
calculated as follows:
Two cases of SNR: a high SNR and a low SNR
NETWORK
PERFORMANCE
One important issue in networking is the
performance of the network—how good is it?.

Performance Measures

• Bandwidth
• Channel Utilization
• Throughput
• Latency (Delay)
• Bandwidth Delay Product
• Jitter
BANDWIDTH
In networking, term bandwidth is used in two contexts.
 The first, bandwidth in hertz, refers to the range of frequencies in a
composite signal or the range of frequencies that a channel can pass.

 The second, bandwidth in bits per second, refers to the speed of bit
transmission in a channel or link.
LATENCY (DELAY)
It defines the it takes for entire message to completely arrive at the
destination from the time the first bit is sent out from the source

Latency= Propagation Time + Transmission Time + Queuing Time +


Processing Delay
Queuing Time:- It is the time needed
for each intermediate or end device to
hold the message before it can be
LATENCY processed

(DELAY) Processing Delay:- It is the time


taken by routers to process the packet
header.
CHANNEL Channel Utilisation (U)

UTILISATI Cycle Time= )

ON
It is a measure of how fast data can be sent
through a network
THROUG
HPUT Throughput =
Bandwidth Delay Product

The bandwidth-delay product defines the number of bits that can fill the link
JITTER
• Jitter is defined as the variation in the packet
delay.
• High jitter means the difference between delays
is large; low jitter means the variation is small.
Question

What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 5-Mbyte
message (an image) if the bandwidth of the network is 1 Mbps? Assume that the
distance between the sender and the receiver is 12,000 km and that light travels
at m/s.
Solution

Message size= 5 Mbyte= 5x10,00000x8 bits


Transmission time= (5x10,00000x8)/(1x10,00000) sec
= 40 sec
Question

A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of 12,000


frames per minute with each frame carrying an average of 10,000 bits. What
is the throughput of this network?

Solution

Throughput of the network can be calculated as

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