SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DR. YANGA’S COLLEGES INC.

STEAM PROPERTIES
Thermodynamics 2
(DYSMETh2224)
“At 99 degrees, water is hot.

At 100 degrees, it boils. And with boiling water, comes

steam. And with steam, you can power a train.

Just one extra degree makes all the difference.

Properties of Steam
Steam
A pure substance that occurs either liquid
phase or gaseous phase or both. It is produced by
heating of water and carries large quantities of heat
within itself. Hence, it could be used as working
substance for heat engines and steam turbines.
 Pure Substance
- A substance that has a fixed chemical
composition throughout the system even though there is
a change of phase. (Ex. , )
 Working Substance
- A fluid (liquid or gas) in which energy can be
stored, extracted or transferred through.
 Definition of Terms
Saturation Temperature

Saturation temperature is the temperature at which liquid

start to boil or the temperature at which vapor start to condense.
The saturation temperature of a given substance depends upon
its existing pressure. It is directly proportional to the pressure.
(ex. Water boils at 100 at 101.325kPa)
Properties of Steam

• Pressure • Internal Energy

• Temperature • Enthalpy

• Specific Volume • Entropy

PV & TS Diagram of
Pure Substance
 Critical Point
A point represent the highest pressure and highest
temperature at which liquid and vapor can coexist in equilibrium.
The state of water at critical conditions whether it is saturated
liquid or saturated vapor is unknown. Hence, latent heat of
vaporization of water at this conditions is either zero or
undefined.
 Triple Point
The triple point of water is the only temperature and
pressure at which water can exist in all three states of matter;
solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapour).
Critical Point
374.14 & 22.09 Mpa

Triple Point
0.01 & 0.6113 kPa
Phase Change Processes

State 1: Compressed or Sub-Cooled

Liquid
State 2: Saturated Liquid
State 3: Wet Vapor or Wet Steam
State 4: Saturated Vapor (Dry Steam)
State 5: Superheated Vapor
Phase Change Processes
State 1: Compressed or Subcooled Liquid
- A liquid that is not about to vaporize.

Compressed Liquid – is a liquid whose pressure is higher than

the saturation pressure corresponding to the given temperature.
(ex. Water at 110 kPa and 100)
Subcooled Liquid – is a liquid whose temperature is lower than
the saturation temperature corresponding to the given pressure.
(ex. Water at 60 and 101.325kPa)
Phase Change Processes
State 2: Saturated Liquid
- A liquid that is about to vaporize

Saturated Liquid – is a liquid at the saturations (saturation

temperature or saturation pressure) which has the temperature
equal to the boiling point corresponding to the existing pressure.
It has pure liquid, it has no vapor content.
(ex. Water at 100 and 101.325kPa)
Phase Change Processes
State 3: Wet Vapor or Wet Steam (Saturated liquid – vapor
mixture)
- A state where the liquid and vapor phases coexist in
equilibrium

Vapor – is the term given to a gaseous phase that is in contact

with the liquid phase. (ex. Steam)
Wet Vapor – is a mixture of saturated vapor and saturated liquid.
(ex.15MPa and 310)
Phase Change Processes
State 4: Saturated Vapor (Dry Steam)
- A vapor that is about to condensed

Saturated Vapor – is a vapor at saturation temperature and

pressure. It has no liquid or moisture content.
(ex. Steam at 300 and 8.58MPa)
Phase Change Processes
State 5: Superheated Vapor
- A Vapor that is not about to condensed

Superheated Vapor – is a vapor whose temperature is higher

than the saturation temperature corresponding to the given
pressure.
(ex. Steam at 350 and 8.58 Mpa)
Phase Change Processes
Superheated Region – Superheated steam exist / can be found.

Degree of Superheat, – is the difference between the actual

temperature of superheated vapor and the saturation
temperature for the existing pressure.

Degree Superheat. () = Actual temp – Sat. temp

Phase Change Processes
Subcooled / Compressed Region – Where subcooled liquid
exist / can be found.

Degree Subcooled, – is the difference between the saturation

temperature for the given pressure and the actual subcooled
liquid temperature.

Degree Subcooled. () = Sat. temp – Actual temp

Wet Vapor
A wet vapor is a combination of saturated vapor and
saturated liquid.

Wet Region
It is region in the T-S diagram where the saturated liquid-
vapor (wet) mixture exist or can be found.
 Quality (x)
The quality of wet vapor or wet steam is the percent by
weight that is saturated vapor. (Vapor content)

Percent Moisture (y)

The percent moisture of wet vapor is the percent by weight
that is saturated liquid. (Liquid content)
Change of Phase at Constant Pressure
PROBLEM 1
Which will best described water at 200 with pressure if
1.65 MPa?
(ANS. Compressed/Subcooled)
PROBLEM 2
Which will best described water at 1MPa and s=6.672
kJ/kg-K?
(ANS. Superheated)
PROBLEM 3
Which will best described water at 250 and specific volume
of 34.2x10^-3 ?
(ANS. Wet Steam / Wet Vapor)
PROBLEM 4
Determine the degrees superheat of superheated steam at
200and 101.325kPa.
(ANS. 100 )
PROBLEM 5
Determine the degrees subcooled of liquid water at 90 and
101.325kPa.
(ANS. 10 )
PROBLEM 6
One kg of wet steam at a pressure of 8bar and quality of
0.94 is expanded until the pressure is 4bar. If expansion follows
the law PV^n=C, where n=1.12, find the dryness fraction of the
steam at the lower pressure.
(ANS. 0.907)
PROBLEM 7
A 10 m^3 vessel initially contains equal amount of liquid
water and saturated water vapor at 100kPa. Calculate the
internal energy of the system in kJ.
(ANS. 2x10^6 kJ)
PROBLEM 8
A vessel with a volume of 1 cubic meter contains liquid
water and water vapor in equilibrium at 600kPa. The liquid water
has a mass of 1kg. Calculate the mass of the water vapor.
(ANS. 3.164 kg)
PROBLEM 9
Consider 4800 lb of steam per hour flowing through a pipe
at 100 psia pressure. Assuming a velocity of 5280fpm then what
size of pipe is required?
(ANS. 4 in)
PROBLEM 10
A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal
parts A and B by partition. On one side is steam at 0.6MPa, 200;
on the other side is steam at 4 MPa, 350. Find the specific
volume of the resulting mixture.
(ANS. 0.1118 m^3/kg)
PROBLEM 11
A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal
parts A and B by partition. On one side is steam at 0.6MPa, 200;
on the other side is steam at 4 MPa, 350. Find the final stored
energy of the mixture.
(ANS. 2,796.88 kJ/kg)
PROBLEM 12
A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal
parts A and B by partition. On one side is steam at 0.6MPa, 200;
on the other side is steam at 4 MPa, 350. Find the final enthalpy
of the mixture.
(ANS. 3,054.01 kJ/kg)
PROBLEM 13
A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal
parts A and B by partition. On one side is steam at 0.6MPa, 200;
on the other side is steam at 4 MPa, 350. Find the pressure of
the resulting mixture.
(ANS. 2.3 MPa)
PROBLEM 14
A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal
parts A and B by partition. On one side is steam at 0.6MPa, 200;
on the other side is steam at 4 MPa, 350. Find the equilibrium
temperature of the resulting mixture.
(ANS. 316.67 )
PROBLEM 15
Find the heat needed to raise the temperature of water
from 30 to 100 deg C with 60% quality. Consider an atmospheric
pressure.
(ANS. 1,647.29 kJ/kg)
PROBLEM 16
Steam at 2MPa and 250 in a rigid cylinder is cooled until
the quality is 30%. Find the heat rejected from the cylinder.
(ANS. -1,265.02 kJ/kg)
PROBLEM 17
Calculate the enthalpy of water at 212F and 14.7 psi
considering dryness factor 0f 30%. Using approximation formula.
(ANS. 471 Btu/lb)
PROBLEM 18
At 1.3 MPa, a mixture of steam and water has an entropy of
3 kJ/ kg-K, Find the enthalpy of the mixture.
(ANS. 1162.4 kJ/kg)
PROBLEM 19
A tank contains exactly one kilogram of water consisting of
liquid and vapor in equilibrium at 1 MPa. If the liquid contains
one-third and the remaining is vapor of the volume of the tank,
what is the enthalpy of the contents of the tank?
(ANS. 785.91 kJ/kg)
PROBLEM 20
Steam leaves an industrial boiler at 827.4 kPa and 171.6. A
portion of the steam is passed through a throttling calorimeter
and exhausted to the atmosphere when the calorimeter pressure
is 101.4 kPa. How much moisture leaving the boiler container if
the temperature of the steam at the calorimeter is 115.6?
(ANS. 3.07%)
END