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Linear Transformation

The document discusses linear transformations, defining them as functions that map elements from one set to another while preserving properties like additivity and homogeneity. It emphasizes the importance of matrix representation for these transformations and their applications across various fields such as computer graphics, physics, and machine learning. Additionally, it covers concepts like shear and reflection transformations, composition of transformations, and eigenvalues/eigenvectors, highlighting their significance in advanced mathematical topics.

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Bhumika Jinnah
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27 views21 pages

Linear Transformation

The document discusses linear transformations, defining them as functions that map elements from one set to another while preserving properties like additivity and homogeneity. It emphasizes the importance of matrix representation for these transformations and their applications across various fields such as computer graphics, physics, and machine learning. Additionally, it covers concepts like shear and reflection transformations, composition of transformations, and eigenvalues/eigenvectors, highlighting their significance in advanced mathematical topics.

Uploaded by

Bhumika Jinnah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Transformations

Presentation Roadmap
1 Transformations 2 Linearity
What is a Transformation? Defining Linearity: The Core
Properties

3 Matrices
Representing Transformations: The Power of Matrices
What is a Transformation?
In mathematics, a transformation is a function that maps elements
from one set (the domain) to another set (the codomain).
In the context of geometry and vector spaces, it often means moving,
resizing, or changing the orientation of objects (represented by
vectors or points).
Think of it as a rule: Input a vector/point, get a transformed
vector/point out.
Defining Linearity
A transformation T from a vector space V to a vector space W (T: V →
W) is linear if it satisfies two conditions for all vectors u, v in V and any
scalar c:
Additivity: T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v)
(The transformation of a sum is the sum of transformations)
Homogeneity: T(cu) = cT(u)
(The transformation of a scaled vector is the scaled
transformation of the vector)
Consequences of Linearity

Lines Map to Lines

2 Straight lines to straight lines or the origin.

Origin Stays Put


T(0) = 0
1

Grid Lines
3
Parallel & Evenly Spaced
The Matrix Connection
Matrix A
Every linear transformation T can be represented by a matrix
A.

Transformed Vector
y = Ax

Columns of A
Transformations of the standard basis vectors.
Matrix Representation Example
Basis Vectors
1 T( [1, 0]ᵀ ) = [0, 1]ᵀ

Basis Vectors
2 T( [0, 1]ᵀ ) = [-1, 0]ᵀ

Matrix A
3 A = | 0 -1 | | 1 0 |
Geometric View: Scaling
Uniform Scaling Non-uniform Scaling

Same factor in all directions. Different factors in different directions.

Matrix is diagonal with equal entries. Matrix is diagonal with unequal entries.
Geometric View: Rotation

θ
Rotation
Rotates vectors/objects around the origin by angle θ.
Geometric View: Rotation
Importance of Linear Transformations
• Fundamental Building Blocks: They underpin many areas of mathematics, physics, engineering,
and computer science.

• Computational Efficiency: Matrix operations are well-understood and highly optimized in


computers (especially GPUs).

• Simplification: They allow complex geometric operations to be described concisely using algebra
(matrices).

• Predictability: Their properties (preserving lines, origin) make systems easier to analyze.

• Foundation for Advanced Topics: Crucial for understanding concepts like


eigenvalues/eigenvectors, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Fourier transforms, and more
Applications Across Fields
• Computer Graphics: Rotating, scaling, shearing objects in 2D/3D (games, animation, CAD).

• Image Processing: Applying filters, resizing, rotating images. Geometric correction.

• Physics & Engineering: Describing rotations/stress/strain, changing coordinate systems,


solving systems of linear differential equations.

• Machine Learning: Dimensionality reduction (e.g., Principal Component Analysis - PCA), data
transformation, neural network layers.

• Economics: Input-output models (Leontief models).

• Cryptography: Some encryption techniques involve matrix operations (though often non-linear
elements are added).
Shear Transformations
Definition: A shear transformation distorts the shape by shifting one axis while
keeping the other fixed.

Matrix Form (2D Example):

Visual: A square becomes a parallelogram


Reflection Transformations
Definition: A transformation that "flips" a vector across a line (2D) or plane
(3D).

Example Matrices:
Across x-axis:

Across y-axis:

Use Case: Symmetry in geometry and computer graphics.


Composition of Transformations
Concept: Applying multiple linear transformations in sequence.

Matrix Rule: Multiply the matrices in reverse order of application.

Benefit: One final matrix for all steps — efficient and clean.
Inverse Transformations
Definition: Reverses the effect of a linear transformation.

If T(x)=AxT(x) = AxT(x)=Ax,
then the inverse transformation is A−1A^{-1}A−1, such that:

Only valid if AAA is invertible (non-singular)


Linear vs. Affine Transformations
Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues
Definition: Special vectors that don't change direction under a transformation.

If Ax=λxAx = \lambda xAx=λx,

x is an eigenvector
λ is the eigenvalue

Importance: Stability analysis, quantum mechanics, PCA.


3D Linear Transformations
Extension of 2D concepts into 3D space:

Rotation (around x, y, or z-axis)


Scaling
Shearing

Matrix size: 3x3 for linear; 4x4 for affine (includes translation).

Applications: 3D modeling, robotics, simulations.


Summary
•Linear transformations = powerful tools for manipulating vectors.

•Matrix representation = compact, efficient, composable.

•Fundamental in graphics, AI, physics, and more.

•Mastery of these concepts opens doors to deeper topics like eigen theory and SVD.
Thank You

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