Lesson 11.

Exact Values of
Circular Functions
of an Angle

Precalculus
Capstone Project
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
In the Philippines,
PAGASA is the
agency that tracks
and measures the
weather conditions.
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 The fluctuations of the weather condition can be
represented with the use of sine and cosine functions,
which are circular functions.

In this lesson, we will learn about the exact values of

circular functions of an angle.

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How will you determine the
exact values of the circular
functions of an angle?

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 Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the
following:

● Illustrate the different circular

functions (STEM_PC11T-llb-1).

● Use reference angles to find exact

values of circular functions.
(STEM_PC11T-llb-2).

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 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the
following:

● Illustrate circular functions.

● Recognize special angles.

● Find the exact values of circular functions

using the reference angles.

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Trigonometric Ratios

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Trigonometric Ratios

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Special
Right Triangles

In any 30°-60°-90° triangle,

the hypotenuse is always
twice the measure of the
shortest side of the triangle,
and the longer leg is times
the measure of the shortest
side.
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 Trigonometric Ratios and Special
Right Triangles

Using trigonometric ratios,

we can say that and .

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Special
Right Triangles

Consider a 30o–angle in
standard position in a unit
circle and form a right
triangle.

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Special
Right Triangles

The intersection of the

terminal side with the unit
circle is called as the
terminal point.

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Special
Right Triangles

In this illustration, the

terminal point of the 30o–
angle in standard position
is .

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Special
Right Triangles

Notice that is the same as

the -coordinate of the
terminal point, while is the
same as the -coordinate of
the terminal point.

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Special
Right Triangles

In any 45°-45°-90° triangle,

the measure of the
hypotenuse is always times
the measure of one of its
legs.

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Special
Right Triangles

Using trigonometric ratios, we can say that and .

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Special
Right Triangles

Now, consider a 45o–angle

in standard position in a
unit circle and form a right
triangle.

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Special
Right Triangles

In this illustration, the

terminal point of the 45o–
angle in standard position
is .

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Special
Right Triangles

Notice that is the same as

the -coordinate of the
terminal point, while is the
same as the -coordinate of
the terminal point.

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Special
Right Triangles
In both illustrations, and . With these, we have the
following circular functions.
opposite hypotenuse 1
sin 𝜃= =𝑦 csc 𝜃= = , 𝑦≠ 0
hypotenuse opposite 𝑦
adjacent hypotenuse 1
cos 𝜃= =𝑥 sec 𝜃= = ,𝑥 ≠ 0
hypotenuse adjacent 𝑥
opposite 𝑦 adjacent 𝑥
tan 𝜃= = , 𝑥≠ 0 cot 𝜃= = , 𝑦 ≠0
adjacent 𝑥 opposite 𝑦 20
 Let’s Practice!

Determine the exact value of .

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 Let’s Practice!

Determine the exact value of .

√ 𝟑 22
Try It!

Find the exact value of .

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 Let’s Practice!

Find the exact values of the following

trigonometric functions.

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 Let’s Practice!

Find the exact values of the following

trigonometric functions.

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎 °= √ 𝟑 𝝅 𝝅
; 𝐜𝐬𝐜 = √ 𝟐 ; 𝐜𝐨𝐭 =𝟎
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
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Try It!

Find the exact value of the

following trigonometric functions.
a.
b.
c.

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 Let’s Practice!

Find the exact value of .

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 Let’s Practice!

Find the exact value of .

√ 𝟐+𝟐 √ 𝟑
𝟐
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Try It!

Find the exact value of .

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 Reference Angles

A reference angle is the smallest acute angle

between the terminal side of an angle in standard
position and the -axis.

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Reference Angles

Location of Angle Reference Angle

Quadrant I

Quadrant II or

Quadrant III or

Quadrant IV or

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 Reference Angles

Example:
Find the reference angle of .

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 Reference Angles

Example:
Find the reference angle of .

𝟔𝟎 ° 33
 Quadrantal Angles

Quadrantal angles are

angles in standard position,
whose terminal side is located
in the axes. Some of the
quadrantal angles
include , , , , and .

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 Special Angles

Special angles are

angles on the unit
circle with
measurements that are
divisible by and .

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Tips

“A Smart Trig Class” is a commonly

used shortcut for the sign in each
quadrant. It tells which circular
functions are positive per quadrant.

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Tips

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 Let’s Practice!

Determine the reference angle for and find .

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 Let’s Practice!

Determine the reference angle for and find .

𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 =𝟔𝟎 °; 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟒 𝟎 =− √ 𝟑 𝒐

𝟐
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Try It!

Determine the reference angle for

and find cos 𝜃.

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 Let’s Practice!

sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃, and tan 𝜃.

Determine the reference angle for , and find

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 Let’s Practice!

sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃, and tan 𝜃.

Determine the reference angle for , and find

𝝅
𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 =
𝟔
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Try It!

Determine the reference angle for

, and find sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃, and
tan 𝜃.

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 Let’s Practice!

Find each of the six circular functions of

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 Let’s Practice!

Find each of the six circular functions of

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Try It!

Find each of the six circular

functions of .

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 Let’s Practice!

Find each of the six circular functions of

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 Let’s Practice!

Find each of the six circular functions of

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Try It!

Find each of the six circular

functions of .

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What is the relevance of
solving for the reference
angles?

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 Let’s Sum It Up!

● For any angle on the unit circle, the

can be labeled as where sin 𝜃 𝑦 and cos 𝜃𝑥.

intersection between the angle and the circle

● Special angles are angles on the unit circle

with measurements that are divisible by or .

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 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Reference angles are the smallest acute

angle between the terminal side of an angle
in standard position and the -axis.

● Quadrantal angles are angles in standard

position whose terminal side is located in the
axes.

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 Key Formulas

Concept Formula Description

Circular Functions Use this formula to

solve for the value of
or
Use this formula to
solve for the value of
or
Use this formula to
solve for the value of
.
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 Key Formulas

Concept Formula Description

Circular Functions Use this formula to

solve for the value of

Use this formula to

solve for the value of

Use this formula to

solve for the value of

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 Key Formulas

Concept Formula Description

Reference Angle The reference angle of

an angle in standard
position located in the
first quadrant is the
angle itself.

Use this formula to find

the reference angle of
or an angle in standard
position located in the
second quadrant.
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 Key Formulas

Concept Formula Description

Reference Angle Use this formula to find

the reference angle of
or an angle in standard
position located in the
third quadrant.

Use this formula to find

the reference angle of
or an angle in standard
position located in the
fourth quadrant.
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Challenge Yourself

If point 𝑃(𝑥,𝑦) is on the unit

circle, , and the -coordinate is

coordinates of point 𝑃?
negative, what are the

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Bibliography

Barnett, Raymond, Michael Ziegler, Karl Byleen, and David Sobecki. College Algebra with
Trigonometry. Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2008.

Bittinger, Marvin L., Judith A. Beecher, David J. Ellenbogen, and Judith A. Penna. Algebra and
Trigonometry: Graphs and Models. 4th ed. Boston: Pearson/Addison Wesley, 2009.

Blitzer, Robert. Algebra and Trigonometry. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Pearson/Prentice Hal, 2007.

Boundless. “Trigonometric Functions and the Unit Circle.” Lumen Learning. Accessed from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-algebra/chapter/trigonometric-functions-an
d-the-unit-circle/
, April 17, 2020.

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Bibliography

Larson, Ron. College Algebra with Applications for Business and the Life Sciences. Boston:
MA:Houghton Mifflin, 2009.

Pierce, Rod. “Unit Circle.” Math is Fun. Accessed from

https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/unit-circle.html, April 17, 2020.

Simmons, George F. Calculus with Analytic Geometry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

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