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Band Theory of Solids

The band theory of solids explains electrical conductivity through energy bands, which are ranges of energy for electrons in solids, classified into conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Semiconductors exhibit unique properties such as a negative temperature coefficient of resistance and variable conductivity based on impurities. The document also discusses intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, the concept of the Fermi energy level, and the behavior of electrons in energy bands.

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15 views32 pages

Band Theory of Solids

The band theory of solids explains electrical conductivity through energy bands, which are ranges of energy for electrons in solids, classified into conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Semiconductors exhibit unique properties such as a negative temperature coefficient of resistance and variable conductivity based on impurities. The document also discusses intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, the concept of the Fermi energy level, and the behavior of electrons in energy bands.

Uploaded by

saksham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BAND THEORY OF

SOLIDS
BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS
• Band theory explains electrical conductivity in solids.
• It’s based on quantum mechanics and Pauli exclusion principle.
• Electrons in solids occupy energy bands separated by band gaps.
Generally, solid materials are classified into three groups:
1. CONDUCTORS
2. INSULATORS
3. SEMICONDUCTORS
CONCEPT OF ENERGY BAND
Energy Bands:- Range of energy possessed by electrons in a solid is known as energy band.

↳ Valence Band (VB): Range of energy possessed by valence electron is known as Valence
band.
↳ Conducting Band (CB): Range of energy possessed by free electron is known as conducting
band.
FERMI ENERGY LEVEL
Fermi energy level is the energy level which has 50% probability of occupation of electron at
absolute zero temperature.
Fermi-Dirac Statistic to find probability is:
FERMI ENERGY LEVEL
ENERGY BAND:
Generally, solid materials are classified into three groups:
1. CONDUCTORS
2. INSULATORS
3. SEMICONDUCTORS

PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS:
• Negative temperature coefficient of resistance.
• Resistivity lies between conductor & Insulators
• Conductivity changes when suitable impurity is added.

At 0K, Semiconductor acts as an insulator because all electrons are tightly held by
Semiconductor atoms.
No electrons in conduction band and valence band are completely filled. when temperature
increases, some of the covalent bonds in semiconductor break up due to thermal energy
supplied. If Potential diff is applied across the crystal. some of the electrons enters in
Conduction band.
KRONIG PENNY MODEL
• Potential of electron varies periodically.
• Potential energy of electron is 0 (zero) nearer to nucleus and maximum (Vo) between two
nuclei.
• Two nuclei seperated by interatomic spacing
EK DIAGRAM
TYPES OF SEMICONDUCTORS:
INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR
•A pure semiconductor without any impurities.
•Example: Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge).
EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR
•A doped semiconductor (impurities added).
•Increases conductivity significantly.
•Two types: n-type and p-type
TYPES OF SEMICONDUCTORS:
TYPES OF SEMICONDUCTORS:
P-N JUNCTION

• Diffusion Current: Momentary motion of electron


creates diffusion current

• Diffusion Process: The process in which diffusion


current is produced.

• Depletion layer: Such layer where shortage of


charge is observed.

• Potential barrier: The E field set up in deplation


layer creates potential V according to V=Ed. This
potential opposes the flow of current. So it is
known as potential barrier.
Si 0.6eV
Ge = 0.3 ev
EFFECTIVE MASS
EFFECTIVE MASS

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