Department of Electrical Electronics

Technology
Electrical Electronics Fundamentals

By
Temesgen Taye
Today presentation Content
Review of Electromagnetic Phenomenon and Variables
 Charge
• Definition of Charge
• Types of Electric Charge

• Measuring Electric Charge

• Properties of Electric Charge

 Coulomb's Law

 Electric Field

• Electric Field Line

• Properties of Electric Field Lines

 Voltage,
 Current, energy and power;
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 Definition of Charge
Definition

Electric charge can be defined as a fundamental property of subatomic particles

that gives rise to the phenomenon of experiencing force in the presence of
electric and magnetic fields.

These fields exert influence on charged particles, resulting in observable effects.

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 -
Nucleus
-

-
n + n -
+ + n
n +
n
- +
+ n

- -

-
 Types of Electric Charge
Electric charge are two main types
Positive and
 Negative charges.
Positive charges are associated with protons, which are subatomic
particles residing in the nucleus of an atom. They are represented by
the symbol “+”.
On the other hand, negative charges are linked to electrons, which
orbit the atomic nucleus and are denoted by the symbol “-“.

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 Cont..
The distinction between positive and negative charges plays a
vital role in comprehending the behaviour of electrically charged
F F
objects. + +
Opposite charges, such as positive and negative, attract each
other, while like charges, such as positive and positive or negative
F F
and negative, repel each other. - +
This fundamental principle is the foundation for various concepts
in electromagnetism.

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 Cont..
When an object carries a negative charge, it possesses an excess
of electrons compared to protons.
Conversely, a positive charge indicates an excess of protons
relative to electrons.
It’s important to note that when an equal number of positive and
negative charges are present, they cancel each other out, resulting
in a neutral state for the object.

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 Measuring Electric Charge

Coloumb is the unit of electric charge.

“One coulomb is the quantity of charge transferred in one second.”
Mathematically
the definition of a coloumb is represented as: Q = I.t
Where , Q is the electric charge, I is the electric current and t is the
time.

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 Properties of Electric Charge

Additivity of Electric Charge

When charges combine, their magnitudes add up algebraically
Conservation of Electric Charge:
• In an isolated system, electric charge is conserved.
• This means that the total electric charge within the system remains
constant over time.
• The algebraic sum of all the charges present in the system remains
the same.
Quantization of Electric Charge
• Electric charge comes in discrete, indivisible units called
elementary charges.
• The smallest unit of electric charge is the charge carried by an
electron, which is approximately -1.6 x 10-19 coulombs.
• This quantization of charge implies that electric charge cannot be
divided into smaller parts.
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 Coulomb's Law
We know that like charges repel each other, while unlike charges
attract. However, have you ever wondered about the strength of these
forces acting between charges? Coulomb’s Law offers us a method to
calculate this force precisely

Like Charges - Repel

F F
+ +
Unlike Charges - Attract

F F
- +
 Coulomb's Law

According to Coulomb’s Law, the magnitude of the electrostatic force

between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of their
magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
separating them.

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 Cont..

• If the charges and are of the same sign the force is

mutually repulsive and the force on each charge points
away from the other charge.

• If the charges are of opposite signs then the force is

mutually attractive and the force on each charge points
toward the other one.
F F
+ +
F F
- +
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 Worked Examples
1. What is the total charge of 75.0 kg of electrons?
• Solution
• The mass of one electron is 9.11 × 10 −31 kg, so that a mass M = 75.0 kg
contains

• The charge of one electron is

−e = −1.60 × 10−19 C, so that the total charge of N electrons is:
Q = N(−e) = (8.23 × 1031)(−1.60 × 10−19 C) = −1.32 × 1013 C

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2. What must be the distance between point charge q1 = 26.0 µC and point
charge q2 = −47.0 µC for the electrostatic force between them to have a
magnitude of 5.70 N?
Solution
We are given the charges and the magnitude of the (attractive) force between
them. We can use Coulomb’s law to solve for r, the distance between the
charges:

• Substituting the given values:

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Electric Field
Definition:
An electric field is the physical field that surrounds electrically
charged particles.
• An electrically charged object sets up a force field around it; this force
field is known as an electric field.
• To visualize an electric field, look at a group of grass seeds suspended
in a fluid (see figure below).

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 The Electric Field
• In figure (a) there is no net electric charge, and hence no electric field.
The seeds point in random directions.

• In figure (b), the seeds line up in the direction of the electric field.
Each seed experiences an electric force, and the force causes it to
align with the field.
 Electric Field Lines
An electric field line is an imaginary line or curve drawn from a
point of an electric field such that tangent to it (at any point)
gives the direction of the electric field at that point.
Electric field lines are an excellent way of visualizing electric
fields. They were first introduced by Michael Faraday himself.

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 Properties of Electric Field Lines

• The field lines never intersect each other.

• The field lines are perpendicular to the surface of the charge.

• The magnitude of charge and the number of field lines, both are
proportional to each other.

• The start point of the field lines is at the positive charge and ends at
the negative charge.

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 Electric Field of Point Charge

The electric field of a point charge can be obtained from Coulomb's law

The electric field is radially outward from the point charge in all
directions. The circles represent spherical equipotential surfaces.

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 Electric Field of Point Charge…

The direction of the force that is exerted on a negative charge is

opposite that which is exerted on a positive charge.
Because an electric field has both magnitude and direction, the
direction of the force on a positive charge is chosen arbitrarily as the
direction of the electric field.
Therefore ,the direction of an electric field is away from a positive
charge and towards a negative charge.

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Electric Field of Point Charge
 Voltage, Current, Energy and Power
Voltage
Voltage is defined as the electric potential difference per unit
charge between two points in an electric field.
In a static electric field, the work required to move per unit of
charge between two points is known as voltage. Mathematically,
the voltage can be expressed as,

• Where, work done is in joules and charge is in coulombs.

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 Cont.…
• We can define the voltage as the amount of potential energy between
two points in a circuit.

• One point has a higher potential and the other points have lower
potential. The difference in charge between higher potential and lower
potential is called a voltage or potential difference.

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 Cont.…
• The voltage or potential difference gives the force to the
electrons to flow through the circuit.

• The higher the voltage, the greater the force, and hence the more
electrons flowing through the circuit.
 Without voltage or potential difference, electrons would move
randomly in free space.

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 Current

• A stream of charged particles flowing through an electrical conductor

or space is known as an electric current. The moving charged particles
are called charge carriers which may be electrons, holes, ions, etc
• It is the flow rate of electric charge through a conducting medium
with respect to time.
• Electric current is expressed using the symbol “I” or “i”.
• The unit for current is ampere or amp.
• Mathematically, the flow rate of charge with respect to time can be
expressed as

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 Cont.…
• When an electrical potential difference is applied between two
points in a conductive medium, an electric current starts flowing
from higher potential to lower potential.

• If two points in a circuit are at the same potential, then the current
cannot flow.

• The magnitude of a current depends on voltage or potential

difference between two points.

• Hence, we can say the current is the effect of voltage.

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 Electrical Energy
• As per the definition of potential difference we can say, if one
positive unit electrical charge that is a body containing one-
coulomb positive charge travels from point A to point B, it will do
v joules work.

• Now instead of one-coulomb charge if q coulomb charge moves

from point A to B, it will do vq joules work.

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 Cont…
• If the time taken by the q coulomb charge to travel from point A
to B is t second, then we can write the rate of work done as

• Again, we define the work done per second as power. In that

case, the term would be electrical power.
• In differential form, we can write, electric power
Watt is the unit of power

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Cont…

• If this current flows through the conductor for a time t, we

can say the total work done by the charge is

• So, we can say, Electrical energy is the work done by

electric charge. If current i ampere flows through a conductor
or through any other conductive element of
potential difference v volts across it, for time t second, the
electric energy is,

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Unit of Electrical Energy
Basically, we find the unit of electrical energy is joule.

This equals to one watt X one second.

Commercially, we also use other units of electrical energy, such as

watt-hours, kilo watt hours, megawatt hours etc.

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 Electric Power
• Voltage and current are two basic parameters of an electric circuit.
But, only voltage and current are not sufficient to express the
behavior of an electric circuit element.
• We essentially need to know, how much electric power, a
circuit element can handle.
• When we pay electric bill for electricity consumption, we are
actually paying the charges for electric power for a specified
period of time.
• Power is the rate of energy supplied or consumed by an electric
element with respect to time.
• Suppose, an element supplies or consumes an energy of dw joules
for a time of dt second, then power of the element can be
represented as,

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 Cont…
• This equation can also be rewritten as,

• Hence, from the as the expression of voltage and current in the

equation are instantaneous, the power is also instantaneous.
The expressed power is time-varying.

• So, the power of a circuit element is the product of voltage

across the element and current through it.

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Thank
you ??????????

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