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Hardware View of The Embedded Systems-1 - Anz

The document provides an overview of the core components of embedded systems, detailing various types of processors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors, along with their characteristics and applications. It discusses the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, the significance of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and the role of programmable logic devices (PLDs) and commercial off-the-shelf components (COTS) in embedded systems. Additionally, it covers instruction set architectures, including CISC and RISC, and the advantages of Harvard versus Von Neumann architectures.

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15 views29 pages

Hardware View of The Embedded Systems-1 - Anz

The document provides an overview of the core components of embedded systems, detailing various types of processors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors, along with their characteristics and applications. It discusses the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, the significance of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and the role of programmable logic devices (PLDs) and commercial off-the-shelf components (COTS) in embedded systems. Additionally, it covers instruction set architectures, including CISC and RISC, and the advantages of Harvard versus Von Neumann architectures.

Uploaded by

ansalv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Hardware view of the Embedded

Systems-1
Lecture-2
Core of the Embedded System
• Core will fall into one of these categories
– Processors
• Microprocessor(General purpose)
• Microcontroller(General purpose/Application
Specific)
• Digital signal processor(Application specific)
– Application Specific Integrated Circuits(ASIC)
– Programmable Logic Devices(PLD)
– Commercial off-the- shelf components(COTS)
Processors-Microprocessors
• CPU fabricated in a single IC-
ALU,CU,registers
• dependent unit-memory,timer
unit,interrrupt controllers etc
• Intel 4004-4 bit processor
– 1K data memory.12 bit program counter,4K
program memory,16 registers(4 bit),46
instructions,740kHz(clock speed)
• 4004 upgraded to 4040
– 60 instructions,8K program memory,interuppts
added
• Intel 8008-8 bit processor
• Intel 8080-16 bit processor-
– 16 bit address bus,program counter,7 nos of 8
bit registers(A-E,H,L:BC,DE,HL-16 bit
processors)
– used in industry and control
• Motorola 6800-different architecture and
instruction set compared to 8080
• Intel 8080 upgraded to 8085-
– two newly added instructions,3 interrupt pins,
– serial i/o,built-in clock generator and bus
controller,5V supply
• Z80(Zilog) -improved version of 8080
– same architecture and instruction set (but 80
new instructions added)of 8080
– register banking-doubling the register set
– included 2 sets of index registers for flexible
design
• 16,32,64 bit processors
• clock speed over 3GHz
• Different instruction set -RISC and CISC
architecture available -Harvard and
VonNeumann
Microprocessor

System control
Control Unit bus

Register
System
address and
Arithmetic data bus
and Logic
Unit

Clock
Microcontrollers
• Highly integrated chip-CPU,scratch pad
RAM,special and genral purpose register
arrays,on chip ROM/flash
memory,timer,interrupt,I/O ports
• Superset of Microprocessors
• Texas TMS1000-world's first
microcontroller
– similar to 4004/4040 with additional
RAM,ROM and I/O ports on single chip
• Intel family of microcontrollers-MCS-48
– 8038,39,40A,48,49,50
• 8051-popular,powerful,family MCS-51
– 75% of the microcontrollers used in
embedded system is 8051 family
– low cost,memory efficient instruction set
– CISC set
– general purpose
• 8051 with special addons
– built in Serial parallel Interface
– I2C serial buses,USB controller
• 8 bit microcontrollers -processing power not a constraint
• Peripheral Interface Conroller(PIC)-Microchip Technologies
– 8/16/32 bit ,high performance,RISC
• Intel-8096,MSP430(Texas)-16 bit
• High processing speed microcontrollers
– ARM Cortex M series-32 bit
– AVR(Advance Virtual RISC)-8 bit RISC flashmemory,fast
enough to execute powerful instructions in a single clock
cycle ,Application specific-automotive domain
• PSoC-Programmable System on Chip
– 8 bit M8C core(PSoC1)/8bit 8051core(PSoC3)/32 bit ARM core(PSoc5)
– more peripherals-programmable
– Programmable analog digital blocks,configurable peripherals(flexible and
can be coonected to any peripherals)
– Cypress PSoC-popular
– PSoC used in controlling the touch sensitive scroll in Apple iPod
Microcontroller

Registers
Memory I/O ports

Arithmetic and
Logic Unit

Counters Timing and


control Interrupts
Microprocessor Microcontroller
• Si chip-CPU-Arithmetic • highly integrated chip-
and logic operations - CPU,RAM,on chip
instruction ROM/FLASH,timer,interr
• dependent unit upt,I/O ports
• General purpose mostly • self contained
• No in built I/O port-8255 • Application specific
peripherl interface mostly
needed • built in I/O port
• for market -performance • Performance is not
is important critical
• Limited power saving • More power saving
PC Microcontroller
• executes program • does not have any
from hard disk or disk to be read
solid drive from
– program gets – on chip ROM
loaded into stores the
memory and from program to be
the memory executed
instructions are – size of ROM limits
executed the size of
• Has an OS to application
handle all low • No OS-ROM
level operations handles the
operations
Digital signal processor
• special purpose-8/16/32 bit
microprocessor designed for
– audio
– video
– communication
• Faster than general purpose processor
– algorithm in hardware
• microchip-high speed computational
operations
Key units of DSP

• Program memory
– to store program
• Data memory
– working memory-store temporary variables or
data
• Computational engine
– performs signal processing
– special ALU
• I/O unit-interface-capture and deliver signals
Applications of DSP
• Audio video signal processing
• telecommunication
• multimedia
• Real time calculations
– SOP(Sum of Product)
– convolution
– FFT
– DFT
• Ex:Blackfin processor-signal processing
Instruction set

• CISC(Complete Instruction • RISC(Reduced Instruction


Set Computer) Set Computer)
• More instructions • Lesser instructions
• No pipelining feature • Has pipelining-so faster
• Instruction specific(particular • Allows each instruction to
register & particular operate on any register and
addressing mode) uses any addressing modes
• operations performed on • operations performed only on
registers/memory depends on registers
instruction
• can be Harvard/Von Neuman • Harvard Architecture
Architecture
• Ex:8051-255 instructions • Ex:ATMEL-32 instructions

Note: Intel was with CISC but later to design Pentium Pro it made CISC to
breakdown into simpe RISC. “Pentium Pro is a RISC processor with CISC
instructions”
Harvard Von-Neumann
• Separate buses for • Single shared bus for
instruction and data instruction and data
fetching fetching
• High performance • Low performance
• Comparatively high • cheaper
cost • Allows self modifying
• No memory alignment codes
problem • Chances of program
• No chances of getting corrupted
program getting
corrupted
Von Neumann architecture

I/O CPU Memory

Harvard architecture

Program CPU Data


Memory
Memory
Application Specific Integrated Circuits(ASICs)

• microchip-performs specific application-processor used


in these called ASIP(Application Specific Instruction
Processor)
• integrates many functions into single chip
• Less area and low cost
• proprietary products-prefabricated/custom fabricated
• Ex:Video codec
• non-refundable initial investment needed -for
configuration-NRE(Nonrecurring Engineering Charges)
• ASIC in open markets-Application Specific Standard
Product(ASSP) when NRE borne by third party
• Ex:ADE7760 energymeter is ASSP
Programmable Logic Devices
• specific functions
– device to device interfacing
– data communication
– signal processing
– display data
– timing and control operations
• Two categories
– Fixed -circuits cannot be changed
– Programmable-reconfigured
• wide range of capacity
• speed
• inexpensive software used
• No NRE cost
• circuits changed at design phase
CPLDs and FPGAs
• FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Arrays)
– logic density
– highest performance
– used in data processing,storage
instrumentation,digital signal processing
– Ex:Xilinx Virtex
• CPLD(Complex Programmable Logic Devices)
– Less logic density
– Gives predictable timing characteristics-critical control
applications
– needs low power,inexpensive
– Ex: Xilinx Coolrunner
CPLDs and FPGAs..
Commercial Off the Shelf Components(COTS)

• used “as-is”-used directly in an ES-itself is an ES


• readily or commercially available,cheap,
• easy integration with existing components
• developed around general processor/Application specific
processor/PLD
• EX:control units like RF circuitry part,high frequency
microwave electronics,high bandwidth ADC,electro-optic
IR imaging arrays,UV/IR detectors,TCP/IP plug in
modules,
• Demerit-if its outdated, product manufacturing will stop
and ES using them will get affected

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