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The document discusses routing protocols, focusing on unicast and multicast communication. It explains the differences between unicasting, multicasting, and multiple unicasting, highlighting the inefficiencies of emulating multicasting through multiple unicasting. Additionally, it covers various multicast protocols, including MOSPF and PIM, and their approaches to creating shortest path trees for efficient data transmission.

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Disha Goel
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7 views17 pages

32

The document discusses routing protocols, focusing on unicast and multicast communication. It explains the differences between unicasting, multicasting, and multiple unicasting, highlighting the inefficiencies of emulating multicasting through multiple unicasting. Additionally, it covers various multicast protocols, including MOSPF and PIM, and their approaches to creating shortest path trees for efficient data transmission.

Uploaded by

Disha Goel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Routing

Protocol
Contents
 Multicast routing routing
 Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast
 Multicast routing
 Routing protocols
Unicasting

• In unicasting, the router forwards the received packet


through only one of its interfaces. there is one source and
one destination(one-to-one )
Multicasting

• In multicast communication,
there is one source and a
group of destinations. The
relationship is one-to-many

• In multicasting, the router


may forward the received
packet through several of its
interfaces.
Multiple unicasting

• In, several packets start from the source. If there are


five
destinations, for example, the source sends five
packets, each with a different unicast destination
address.

• when a person sends an e-mail message to a group of


people, this is multiple unicasting.
Multicasting versus multiple unicasting
• Emulation of multicasting through
multiple unicasting is not efficient
and
• may create long delays,
particularly with a large group.

Multicasting has many applications


today such as access to distributed
databases, information
dissemination, teleconferencing,
and distance learning.
Shortest path tree in unicast routing

• In unicast routing, each router in the domain has a table that defines a
shortest path tree to possible destinations.
Taxonomy of common multicast protocols
Source-shared tree approach

• In multicast routing, each involved router needs to


construct a shortest path tree for each group.
Source based tree approach
 MOSPF
 Multicast link state routing uses the source-based tree approach.
 MOSPS enhances the OSPF protocol by providing the ability to route multicast IP
 MOSPF routers maintains current image of network topology through OSPS
 routers are required to implement a local group database which maintain list of
directly attached groups

Limitations:
 Time and space needed to create
and save them any shortest path tree
Source based tree approach
 Multicast Distance Vector: DVMRP
 Flooding broadcasts packets but creates loops in the systems.
 RPF(Reverse path forwarding) eliminates the loop in the flooding process.
 RPB(Reverse Path Broadcasting) creates a shortest path broadcast tree from the source
to each destination.
 It guarantees that each destination receives one and only one copy
of the packet.

RPF is basically a modified flooding strategy. In order to prevent loops, only one copy is forwarded, and
the other copies are dropped.
RPF does not guarantee that each network receives only one copy , a network may receive two or more
copies.
RPB further guarantees that the packet reaches every network and that every network receives only one
copy.
Reverse path forwarding (RPF)
RPF Versus RPB
• RPB creates a shortest path broadcast tree from the source to each
destination.
• It guarantees that each destination receives one and only one copy
of the packet.
Group-shared tree with rendezvous router
• In CBT, the source sends the multicast packet (encapsulated in a unicast
packet) to the core router. The core router decapsulates the packet and
forwards it to all interested interfaces.
Group-shared tree approach

• In the group-shared tree approach, only the core router,


which has a shortest path tree for each group, is involved
in multicasting.
…
PIM(protocol independent multicast)-DM(dense multi cast) is used in a dense
multicast environment, such as a LAN.
PIM-DM uses RPF and pruning and grafting strategies to handle multicasting.
However, it is independent of the underlying unicast protocol.
PIM-SM is used in a sparse multicast environment such as a WAN.
PIM-SM is similar to CBT but uses a simpler procedure.
Thank
You

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