First Normal

Form (1 NF)
Original Table – Non-1NF
Name Date of Birth Gender Course Details Lecturer
Details
Rishi 22/05/2007 M C123, Computer Science, DIP, Bhatt, HUP,
A007, Accounting, M692, Patel, RAH, Hunt
Math
Gurjant 16/11/2006 M C123, Computer Science, DIP, Bhatt, RAH,
M692, Math, B873, Hunt, ABS, Sattar
Business
Janu 06/06/2007 F C123, Computer Science, DIP, Bhatt, NAJ,
I648, IT, B873, Business Jamal, ABS,
Sattar
Ozzy 11/02/2007 M C123, Computer Science, DIP, Bhatt, NAJ,
I648, IT, S749, Sociology Jamal, SHI, Ismail
Demi 30/05/2007 M C123, Computer Science, DIP, Bhatt, HHL,
E470, English Language, Hurdley-Lees,
M692, Math RAH, Hunt
Priya 21/12/2006 F C123, Computer Science, DIP, Bhatt, ARK,
P439, Psychology, M693, Khan, RAH, Hunt
01 02 03
Cells contain multiple values Repeating groups (e.g.
1 NF requires atomic values
(e.g. multiple courses or course and lecturer details
and no repeating groups
lecturers per student) grouped together)

Identifying Non-1NF
Issues
 Step one:
Separate each value into individual
rows Gend Course Course Lecture Lecturer
Name Date of
Birth er Numbe Name r Initial Name
r • Splitting rows
Rishi 22/05/200 M C123 Computer DIP Bhatt
7 Science
to ensure
Rishi 22/05/200 M A007 Accounting HUP Patel each cell has
7 only one
Rishi 22/05/200 M M692 Math RAH Hunt value per
7
student-
Gurja 16/11/200 M C123 Computer DIP Bhatt
nt 6 Science course-
Gurja 16/11/200 M B873 Business ABS Sattar lecturer
nt 6 combination
Gurja 16/11/200 M M692 Math RAH Hunt
nt 6
Benefits of 1 NF
• Simplifies data retrieval
• Reduces redundancy
• Ensures consistency
Second Normal
Form (2 NF)
• To get to the second normal form (2NF), a table should follow two
rules
- The data is already in 1NF
- Any partial dependencies have been removed. This mean that
every non-key attribute depends on the whole primary key and not
just a part of it
- But since our data is already in 1NF we don’t have to worry about
removing and partial dependencies
- Every other field depends on one field which is called dependency
• now we split that table up and create relationships between them
and they can’t be M:M
STUDENT(Name, Date of birth, Gender, Course number, Course name, Lecturer initial,
Lecturer name)

Name Date of Gender Course Course Name Lecturer Lecturer

Birth Number Initial Name
Rishi 22/05/2007 M C123 Computer DIP Bhatt
Science
Rishi 22/05/2007 M A007 Accounting HUP Patel
Rishi 22/05/2007 M M692 Math RAH Hunt
Gurjant 16/11/2006 M C123 Computer DIP Bhatt
Science
Gurjant 16/11/2006 M B873 Business ABS Sattar
Gurjant 16/11/2006 M M692 Math RAH Hunt
Janu 06/06/2007 F C123 Computer DIP Bhatt
Science
Janu 06/06/2007 F I648 IT NAJ Jamal
Name Date of Gender Course Cours Course Name Lecturer Lectur
Birth Number e Initial er
Rishi 22/05/2007 M C123 Numb Name
er
Rishi 22/05/2007 M A007 C123 Computer DIP Bhatt
Science
Rishi 22/05/2007 M M692
A007 Accounting HUP Patel
Gurjant 16/11/2006 M C123
M692 Math RAH Hunt
Gurjant 16/11/2006 M B873
B873 Business ABS Sattar
Gurjant 16/11/2006 M M692
I648 IT NAJ Jamal
Janu 06/06/2007 F C123
S749 Sociology SHI Ismail
Janu 06/06/2007 F I648 E470 English HHL Hurdely
Literature -Lees
STUDENT (Name, Date of Birth, Gender, Course COURSE
P439 (Course Number, Course
Psychology ARK Name, Khan
Number) Lecturer Initial, Lecturer Name)

Student Student
M:M
2NF
• Now we have created a M:M relationship table.
• The table would be a lot longer as each student takes
more than 1 course and that would lead to a lot of
repeating data. So, we would create a neat primary key
like student number.
• Fixing M:M relationship is easy
• We can fix this by creating a new table.
• This new table will be made by assigning the primary
keys from the two tables we already have as a
composite key for the new table.
• And now make two 1:M relationship
Stude Name Date Gende Studen Course Course Course Lectur Lecture
nt of r t Numbe Numbe Name er r Name
Numb Birth Numbe r r Initial
er r
001 Rishi 22/05/ M 001 C123 C123 Computer DIP Bhatt
2007 Science
002 Gurjan 16/11/ M 001 A007 A007 Accountin HUP Patel
t 2006 g
003 Janu 06/06/ F 001 M692 M692 Math RAH Hunt
2007
004 Ozzy 11/02/ M 002 C123 C123 Computer DIP Bhatt
2007 Science
005 Demi 30/05/ M 002 B873 B873 Business ABS Sattar
2007
006 Priya 21/12/ F 002 M692 M692 Math RAH Hunt
2006
STUDENT ( Student Number, Student_COURSE COURSE (Course Number, Course Name,
Name, Date of Birth, Gender) (Student Lecturer Initial, Lecturer Name)
Number, Course
Student_
Number) Student Course
Course
Third Normal
Form (3 NF)
• For third normal form (3NF) there are two rules to follow
• Data should already be in 2NF
• Any transitive dependencies should be removed – meaning any
non-key dependency in one where the value of a field is
determined by the value of another field that’s not part of the
primary key
• A way to help ensure the table is in 3 NF is through the
phrase:
• ‘All fields are dependent on the key, the whole key and nothing
but the key’
• 3 NF aims to remove any further repeating data
Stude Name Date Gende Studen Course Course Course Lectur Lecture
nt of r t Numbe Numbe Name er r Name
Numb Birth Numbe r r Initial
er r
001 Rishi 22/05/ M 001 C123 C123 Computer DIP Bhatt
2007 Science
002 Gurjan 16/11/ M 001 A007 A007 Accountin HUP Patel
t 2006 g
003 Janu 06/06/ F 001 M692 M692 Math RAH Hunt
2007
004 Ozzy 11/02/ M 002 C123 C123 Computer DIP Bhatt
2007 Science
005 Demi 30/05/ M 002 B873 B873 Business ABS Sattar
2007
006 Priya 21/12/ F 002 M692 M692 Math RAH Hunt
2006
3 NF
• Now that the transitive dependencies have been
identified (lecturer initials and lecturer name)
• Split the table apart to prevent any further redundancy
and dependency
• Determine the relationship of the new table – in our
scenario (1:1)
• Lecturer initials becomes the new primary key for the
new table called lecturer
 Stude Name Date Gende Stude Course Course Course Lecturer Lectur Lectur
nt of r nt Numb number name initial er er
Numb birth Numb er initial name
er er C123 Compute DIP DIP Bhatt
r science
001 Rishi 22/05/ M 001 C123
2007 A007 Accountin HUP
HUP Patel
002 Gurjan 16/11/ M 001 A007 g
t 2006 M692 Math RAH RAH Hunt
003 Janu 06/06/ F 001 M692 ABS Sattar
B873 Business ABS
2007
004 Ozzy 11/02/ M 002 C123 I648 IT NAJ NAJ Jamal
2007
002 M692
005 Demi 30/05/ M S749 Sociology SHI SHI Ismail
2005
E470 English HHL HHL Hurdely
006 Priya 21/12/ F 002 B873 Literature -Lees
2006
P439 Psycholo ARK ARK Khan
003 C123 gy number, Course
STUDENT (Student Number, Name, STUDENT_COURSE COURSE (Course Lecturer (Lecturer
Date of birth, Gender) (Student number, name, Lecturer initial) initial, Lecturer name)
Course number)

Studen Student Lecture

course Course
t r