CHAPTER 4

LOOPS

Slides by Donald W. Smith Final Draft

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. TechNeTrain.com Oct 30, 2011
 Chapter Goals
 To implement while, for, and do loops
 To hand-trace the execution of a program
 To become familiar with common loop algorithms
 To understand nested loops
 To implement programs that read and process
data sets
 To use a computer for simulations
In this chapter, you will learn about loop statements
in Java, as well as techniques for writing programs
that simulate activities in the real world.

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 2
 Contents
 The while loop
 Problem Solving: Hand-Tracing
 The for loop
 The do loop
 Nested Loops
 Application: Random Numbers and Simulations

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 3
 4.1 The while Loop
A loop executes instructions
repeatedly while a condition is true.

while (balance < TARGET)

{
year++;
double interest = balance *
RATE/100;
balance = balance + interest;
}

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 4
 Syntax 4.1: while Statement

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 5
 while Loop Examples (1)

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 6
 while Loop Examples (2)

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 7
 4.2: Hand-Tracing

 Example: Calculate the sum of digits (1+7+2+9)

 Make columns for key variables (n, sum, digit)
 Examine the code and number the steps
 Set variables to state before loop begins

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 8
 Tracing Sum of Digits

 Start executing loop body statements

changing variable values on a new line
 Cross out values in previous line

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 9
 Tracing Sum of Digits

 Continue executing loop statements changing

variables
 1729 / 10 leaves 172 (no remainder)

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 10
 Tracing Sum of Digits

 Test condition. If true, execute loop again

 Variable n is 172, Is 172 > 0?, True!
 Make a new line for the second time through and
update variables
Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 11
 Tracing Sum of Digits

 Third time through

 Variable n is 17 which is still greater than 0
 Execute loop statements and update variables

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 12
 Tracing Sum of Digits

 Fourth loop iteration:

 Variable n is 1 at start of loop. 1 > 0? True
 Executes loop and changes variable n to 0 (1/10 = 0)

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 13
 Tracing Sum of Digits

 Because n is 0, the expression(n > 0) is False

 Loop body is not executed
 Jumps to next statement after the loop body
 Finally prints the sum!

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 14
 4.3 The for Loop
 Use a for loop when you:
 Can use an integer counter variable
 Have a constant increment (or decrement)
 Have a fixed starting and ending value for the counter

int ii == 5;
int 5; //// initialize
initialize Use a for loop when a value
while (i
while (i <=
<= 10)
10) //// test
test runs from a starting point to an
{{ ending point with a constant
sum == sum
sum sum ++ 1;
1; increment or decrement.
while version
i++; // update
i++; // update
}}
for (int
for (int ii == 5;
5; ii <=
<= 10;
10; i++)
i++)
{{
sum ==
sum sum ++ i;
sum i;
for version
}}

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 15
 Syntax 4.2: for Statement
 Two semicolons separate the three parts
 Initialization ; Condition ; Update

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 16
 Good Examples of for Loops

 Keep it simple!

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 17
 4.4 The do Loop
 Use a do loop when you want to:
 Execute the body at least once
 Test the condition AFTER your first loop

int ii == 1;
int 1; //// initialize
initialize
final int
final int FINGERS
FINGERS == 5;
5;
do
do
{{
// paint
// paint finger
finger
i++; //
i++; // update
update
}}
while (i
while (i <=
<= FINGERS);
FINGERS); //// test
test

Note the semicolon at the end!

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
.
Page 18
 do Loop Example
 User Input Validation:
 Range check a value entered
 User must enter something to validate first!
int value;
int value;
do
do
{{
System.out.println(“Enter an
System.out.println(“Enter an integer
integer << 100:
100:
”);
”);
value == in.nextInt();
value in.nextInt();
}}
while (value
while (value >=
>= 100);
100); //
// test
test

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 19
 4.5 Common Loop Algorithms

1: Sum and Average Value

2: Counting Matches
3: Finding the First Match
4: Prompting until a match is found
5: Maximum and Minimum
6: Comparing Adjacent Values

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 20
 Sum and Average Examples
double total
double total == 0; 0;  Sum of Values
while (in.hasNextDouble())
while (in.hasNextDouble())  Initialize total to 0
{{  Use while loop with sentinel
double input
double input ==
in.nextDouble();
in.nextDouble();
total == total
total total ++ input; input;
}} double total
double total == 0;0;
 Average of Values int count
int count == 0;
0;
while (in.hasNextDouble())
(in.hasNextDouble())
 Use Sum of Values while
{{
 Initialize count to 0 double input
double input ==
 Increment per in.nextDouble();
in.nextDouble();
total == total
total total ++ input;
input;
input count++;
count++;
 Check for count 0 }}
double average
double average == 0; 0;
 Before divide!
if (count
if (count >> 0)
0)
Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
{{ average
average == total
total // count;count; Page
}} 21
 Counting Matches
int upperCaseLetters
int upperCaseLetters == 0; 0;
 Counting Matches
for (int
for (int ii == 0;
0; ii << str.length();
str.length();
 Initialize count to 0 i++)
i++)
{{
 Use a for loop char ch
char ch == str.charAt(i);
str.charAt(i);
 Add to count per if (Character.isUpperCase(ch))
if (Character.isUpperCase(ch))
match {{
upperCaseLetters++;
upperCaseLetters++;
}}
}}

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 22
 Maximum and Minimum
double largest
double largest ==
in.nextDouble();
in.nextDouble();
while (in.hasNextDouble())
while (in.hasNextDouble()) double smallest
double smallest ==
{{ in.nextDouble();
in.nextDouble();
double input
double input == while (in.hasNextDouble())
while (in.hasNextDouble())
in.nextDouble();
in.nextDouble(); {{
if (input
if (input >> largest)
largest) double input
double input ==
{{ in.nextDouble();
in.nextDouble();
largest == input;
largest input; if (input
if (input >> smallest)
smallest)
}} {{
}} Get first input value smallest == input;
smallest input;
 This is the largest (or smallest)}}that you have seen so far!
}}
 Loop while you have a valid number (non-sentinel)
 Get another input value
 Compare new input to largest (or smallest)
 Update largest (or smallest) if necessary
Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 23
 4.8 Nested Loops
 How would you print a table with rows
and columns?
 Print top line (header)
• Use a for loop
 Print table body…
• How many rows?
• How many columns?
 Loop per row
• Loop per column

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 24
 PowerTable.java

Body of outer loop

Body of inner loop

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 25
 Nested Loop Examples (1)

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 26
 Nested Loop Examples (2)

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 27
 RandomDemo.java

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 28
Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 29