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DBMS Lecture 4

The document discusses the internal schema of a database management system (DBMS), which details how data is physically stored, organized, and accessed. It highlights key aspects such as data storage, structures, indexing, optimization, access methods, and security. Additionally, it covers data independence, functions of DBMS, and various data models, emphasizing their importance in database design and implementation.

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MOHAMMAD AL SHARIAR
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8 views20 pages

DBMS Lecture 4

The document discusses the internal schema of a database management system (DBMS), which details how data is physically stored, organized, and accessed. It highlights key aspects such as data storage, structures, indexing, optimization, access methods, and security. Additionally, it covers data independence, functions of DBMS, and various data models, emphasizing their importance in database design and implementation.

Uploaded by

MOHAMMAD AL SHARIAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS
Lecture 3
INTERNAL
SCHEMA
• In a database management system (DBMS), the internal schema refers to the way data is physically stored and organized
within the database. It describes the low-level details of how data is structured, stored, and accessed by the system. The
internal schema is typically hidden from the users and applications that interact with the database.
• Here are some key aspects of the internal schema in a DBMS:
1. Data Storage: The internal schema defines how the data is stored on the physical storage devices such as hard drives or
solid-state drives. It includes details about file organization, data compression techniques, and storage formats.
2. Data Structures: The internal schema specifies the data structures used to represent the data within the database. This
includes the organization of data into tables, rows, and columns, as well as the data types and constraints that can be
applied to each attribute.
3. Indexing: The internal schema may include information about indexes that are created to improve data retrieval
performance. It defines the structure and organization of indexes, such as B-trees or hash tables, and the columns or
attributes they are built on.
4. Storage Optimization: The internal schema may incorporate optimizations to enhance storage efficiency and
performance. For example, it may include techniques like data partitioning, clustering, or data replication to improve
query execution speed or fault tolerance.
5. Data Access Methods: The internal schema describes how the system accesses and retrieves data from the physical
storage. It includes details about algorithms and techniques used for data retrieval, such as sequential scanning, hashing,
or using index structures.
6. Data Security and Privacy: The internal schema can incorporate mechanisms to ensure data security and privacy. It may
include encryption techniques, access control mechanisms, and auditing features to protect the data from unauthorized
access or modifications.
• It's important to note that the internal schema is just one level in the overall database architecture. It sits between the
conceptual schema (which defines the logical structure of the database as seen by the users) and the external schema
(which represents the individual user's view of the database).
DATA
INDEPENDANCE
FUNCTIONS OF
DBMS
OFFICIAL DEFINITIONS

• A database is a collection of data organized so that it can be easily


accessed, managed, and updated.

• A database management system (DBMS) is a software system that


allows users to create, maintain, and query databases.
INTERNAL OR PHYSICAL
VIEW/SCHEMA

• The internal view of a database is the lowest level of abstraction. It is the most detailed and
specific view of data

• It describes how the data are physically stored in the database.

• The internal schema is a description of the physical storage structures and access paths used
by the DBMS.

• It includes information about the physical layout of the data, such as the size of each field,
the order of the fields, and the location of the data on the disk.

• The physical view is not usually visible to the users of the database.
ABSTRACTI
ON
DATA INDEPENDENCE

• Data independence is the ability to change the internal


schema of a database without affecting the external
schemas.
• There are two types of data independence:
• Logical data independence: The ability to change the
conceptual schema without affecting the external schemas.
• Physical data independence: The ability to change the
internal schema without affecting the conceptual schema.
FUNCTIONS OF DBMS

• The DBMS provides a number of functions that allow users to create, maintain, and
query databases.
• These functions include:
• Data definition: The ability to create and modify the schemas of a database.
• Data manipulation: The ability to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data from a
database.
• Data security: The ability to protect the data in a database from unauthorized
access.
• Data integrity: The ability to ensure that the data in a database is accurate and
consistent.
• Data administration: The ability to manage the overall operation of a database.
DATA MODELS: AN INTRODUCTION

• A data model is a conceptual representation of data.


• It defines the structure of data and the relationships
between data.
• Data models are used to design and implement
databases.
OBJECT
BASED DATA
MODELS
• Object-based data models
are based on the concept
of objects.
• An object is a self-
contained entity that has
data and behavior.
• Object-based data models
are used to represent
complex data structures
and relationships.
RECORD-
BASED DATA
MODELS
• Record-based data
models are based on the
concept of records.
• A record is a collection of
related data items.
• Record-based data
models are used to
represent simple data
structures and
relationships.
PHYSICAL
DATA
MODELS
• Physical data models
describe how data is
physically stored in a
database.
• They define the
physical storage
structures and
access paths used by
the DBMS.
CONCEPTUA
L MODELLING

• Conceptual modelling is the


process of creating a
conceptual data model.
• The conceptual data model
is a high-level
representation of the data
in a database.
• It is used to communicate
the data requirements of a
database to the DBMS
designer.
OBJECT-BASED VS. RECORD-BASED
DATA MODELS

• Object-based data models are more expressive than


record-based data models.
• They can represent complex data structures and
relationships more easily.
• However, object-based data models are more
complex to implement and manage.
PHYSICAL DATA MODELS VS.
CONCEPTUAL DATA MODELS

• Physical data models are more detailed than


conceptual data models.
• They describe the physical storage structures and
access paths used by the DBMS.
• However, physical data models are less portable than
conceptual data models.
UML
DIAGRAMS

• UML class diagrams are a


type of ERD that is used
in the Unified Modeling
Language (UML).
• UML class diagrams are
more expressive than
traditional ERDs and can
be used to represent a
wider range of data
models.
DATA MODELLING TOOLS

• There are a number of data modeling tools available.


• These tools can help you to create and visualize data
models.
• Some popular data modeling tools include ERwin,
PowerDesigner, Rational Rose, Lucid chart etc
• There’s also the good old handwritten method
IN CONCLUSION

• Data models are essential tools for designing and


implementing databases.
• They provide a way to represent the data in a
database in a way that is both understandable and
efficient.
• There are a variety of different data models available,
each with its own strengths and weaknesses.

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