SPORTS

ATHLETICS
❑ Athletics, commonly known as Track and
Field, is a collection of sports events that
involve running, throwing and jumping. The
name “athletics” is derived from the Greek
word “athlos” meaning “contest”.
 RUNNING: events conducted on a track
(generally 400 meter, except indoors):
❑ Sprints: events up to and including the 400
meters. Common lengths include: 1. 60 meters
(indoors only) 2. 100 meters 3. 200 meters 4.
400 meters (quarter mile)
❑ Middle Distance Events: events from 600
meters to the mile. Common lengths include:
1. 600 meters (indoor) 2. 800 meters (half
mile) 3. 1,000 meters (indoor) 4. 1,500 meters
(metric mile)
 RUNNING: events conducted on a track
(generally 400 meter, except indoors):
❑ Long Distance Events: events over, and including,
the 3000 meters (3 k). Common lengths include
1. 3,000 meter run 2. 3,000 meter steeplechase
3. 5,000 meter run 4. 10,000 meter run
❑ Hurdles: events that require the runner to jump
over evenly spaced barriers during the race.
Common lengths include 1. 60 meter hurdles
(indoor) 2. 100 m hurdles (women) 3. 110 m
hurdles (men) 4. 400 m hurdles 5. 3000 m
Steeplechase.
 RUNNING: events conducted on a track
(generally 400 meter, except indoors):
❑ Relays: races in which four athletes participate
as a team, passing a baton in between. Common
lengths include: 1. 4 x 100 meter relay Non-
visual pass 2. 4 x 400 meter relay Visual pass
❑ Road Races: Common lengths are: 1. 5000
meters (5 km) 2. 10,000 meters (10 km) 3. Half
marathon (21.0975 km) 4. Marathon (42.195
km). The marathon is the only common road-
racing distance run in major international
athletics championships, such as the Olympics.
 Field Events
❑ Throwing Events
1. Javelin
2. Shot Put
3. Hammer Throw The “hammer” used for the
hammer throw is different, whether the event is
indoors (often a large ball, resembling a me-
dicine ball, with a handle attached) or outdoors
(basically a shot with a handle attached)
4. Discus
 Field Events
❑Jumping Events
1. High Jump
2. Pole Vault
3. Triple Jump
4. Long Jump
 Field Events
❑Heptathlon: the Heptathlon includes the
following seven events:
✔Outdoors (usually only women):
1st day 2nd day 2nd day
1. 100 meter L hurdles 5. Long Jump
2. High Jump 6. Javelin Throw
3. Shot Put 7. 800 meters
4. 200 meters
 Field Events
❑ Decathlon: the Decathlon includes the
following ten events:
1st day 2nd day
1. 100 meters 6. 110 meter H hurdles
2. Long Jump 7. Discus
3. Shot Put 8. Pole Vault
4. High Jump 9. Javelin
5. 400 meters 10.1500 meters
 Field Events
❑ Race walking: Common lengths are:

1. 10 km
2. 20 km
3. 50 km
 High Jump
The Competition
1. An athlete shall take off from one foot.
2. An athlete fails if:
(a) After the jump, the bar does not remain on the
supports because of the action of the athlete whilst
jumping; or
(b) He touches the ground including the landing area
beyond the vertical plane through the nearer edge of
the crossbar, either between or out side the uprights
with any part of his body, without first clearing the bar.
 Pole Vault
The Competition
1. An athlete fails if:
(a) after the vault, the bar does not remain on the pegs
because of the action of an athlete whilst vaulting.
(b) he touches the ground, including the landing area
beyond the vertical plane through the back end of
the box with any part of his body or with the pole,
without first clearing the bar after leaving the
ground he places his lower hand above the upper
one or moves the upper hand higher on the pole.
 Pole Vault
(c) during the vault an athlete steadies or
replaces the bar with his hand/s. All jumps
shall be measured from the nearest break in
the landing area made by any part of the body
to the take-off line, or take-off line ex- tended
(see Rule 185.1(f)).The measurement shall be
taken perpendicular to the take-off line or its
extension.
 Triple Jump
❑The Rules for the Long Jump apply to the Triple
Jump with the following additions:
The Competition
1. The Triple Jump shall consist of a hop, a step and a
jump in that order.
2. The hop shall be made so that an athlete lands
first on the same foot as that from which he has
taken off; in the step he shall land on the other
foot, from which, subsequently, the jump is
performed.
 THROWING EVENTS
❑ Shot Put
The Competition
1. The shot shall be put from the shoulder with one
hand only. At the time an athlete takes a stance in
the circle to commence a put, the shot shall touch
or be in close proximity to the neck or the chin
and the hand shall not be dropped below this
position during the action of putting. The shot
shall not be taken behind the line of the
shoulders.
 Hammer Throw
The Competition
1. An athlete, in his starting position prior to the
preliminary swings or turns, is allowed to put the head of
the hammer on the ground inside or outside the circle.
2. It shall not be considered a failure if the head of the
hammer touches the ground inside or outside the circle,
or the top of the rim.
3. The athlete may stop and begin the throw again,
provided no other Rule has been breached.
4. If the hammer breaks during a throw or while in the air,
it shall not count as a failure.
 Javelin Throw
The Competition
(a) The javelin shall be held at the grip. It shall be thrown
over the shoulder or upper part of the throwing arm and
shall not be slung or hurled.
(b) A throw shall be valid only if the tip of the metal head
strikes the ground before any other part of the javelin.
(c) Until the javelin has been thrown, an athlete shall not at
any time turn completely around, so that his back is
towards the throwing arc.
2. If the javelin breaks during a throw or while in the air, it
shall not count as a failure.
 Combined Events Competitions
The Men’s Decathlon consists of ten events
which shall be held on two consecutive days in
the following order:
First day:100m;Long Jump; Shot Put; High Jump;
400m.
Second day:110m Hurdles; Discus Throw; Pole
Vault; Javelin Throw;1500m.
 WOMEN Heptathlon
❑The Heptathlon consists of seven events,
which shall be held on two consecutive days in
the following order:
First day: 100m Hurdles; High Jump; Shot Put;
200m.
Second day: Long Jump; Javelin Throw; 800m.
❑ The Women’s Decathlon consists of ten
events which shall be held on two consecutive
days in the following order:
First day:100m;Discus Throw; Pole Vault; Javelin
Throw; 400m.
Second day:100m Hurdles ;Long Jump; Shot Put;
High Jump; 1500m
 Badminton
- is a racquet sport played by either two opposing
players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles),
who take positions on opposite halves of a
rectangular court that is divided by a net.
- players score points by striking a shuttlecock
with their racquet so that it passes over the net and
lands in their opponents' half of the court.
 Badminton

- each side may only strike the shuttlecock once

before it passes over the net. A rally ends once the
shuttlecock has struck the floor.
- badminton is not a good outdoor game
because breezes affect the shuttlecock. All organized
tournaments are played indoors.
 History and development
- Most authorities feel that the game developed from the
ancient pastime known as battledore and shuttlecock.
- The game was learned in India as “poona” .
- It was brought to England about 1870 by British army
officers stationed in India.
- The duke of Beaufort introduced the game at his country
place, in Gloucestershire. Not having a name at that time,
the game was referred to as “that Badminton game.” This
reference was never changed and badminton became the
accepted title.
 History and development
- Badminton Club of the City of New York, was the
oldest badminton club in the world which was founded in
1878, however, the game did not become widely popular
in the United States until the middle 1930’s.
- US Badminton Association was formed in 1936.
- International Badminton Federation, was the world
governing body for the sport which was founded in 1934.
- “Thomas Cup” was the premier international men’s
team which was established in 1948.
 History and development
- “Uber Cup” was the women’s competition which was
founded in 1956.
- In 1977, the World Badminton Federation was founded.
It sponsored the first World Championship in the same
year in Malmo Sweden. This was the start of several
international competitions all over the world.
- “ Suderman Cup”in 1989 was established in memory of
the former IBF Vice President Dick Suderman, he was
also considered the “Father of Indonesian Badminton”.
 DEFINITIONS
❑ Player: Any person playing Badminton.
❑Match: The basic contest in Badminton
between opposing sides each of one or two
players.
❑Singles: A match where there is one player on
each of the opposing sides.
❑Doubles: A match where there are two players
on each of the opposing sides
❑Serving side: The side having the right to
serve.
 DEFINITIONS
❑ Receiving side: The side opposing the serving
side.
❑Rally: A sequence of one or more strokes
starting with the service, until the shuttle
ceases to be in play.
❑Stroke: A forward movement of the player’s
racket.
 FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT
NET

- It should be made with dark-colored mesh, 2 ½ feet deep.

With a 1 ½ inch white tape extending across the top.
- The top of the net should be 5 feet above the floor at a
point equidistant from the sidelines.

Post - 5 ft and 1 inch in height from the floor

 FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT
Racket
- It is a light material made
up of aluminum or synthetic
materials such as graphic or
carbon.
- Competitive players uses
19-22 string tensions and
others do uses higher than
22 depending on the quality
of the racket.
 FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT
SHUTTLECOCK
- It is made of 14-16 goose feathers, placed in a
leather-covered cork head, made up of either
plastic or nylon.
- The official shuttlecock weighs 4.74 to 5.5
grams.
 FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT
PLAYING COURT
- The court measures 44 ft. long by 20 ft. wide for
doubles game and 44 X 17 ft. for singles game. The 1 ½
ft. alley on each side is commonly referred to as double
alleys.
- There is also a space 2 ½ feet wide on both ends of the
court which considered to be the back alleys. The
ceiling height should be 30 ft.
 Badminton strokes
CLEAR
- This is also called LOB.
- The shuttle soars in a high arc and falls into the
court behind the opponent.
- use the forehand position and bring the racket
from behind the body with the head up.
 Badminton strokes
DROP
- The shuttle falls gently and just clears the net.
- The flight of the bird is relatively slow and is hit
using the forehand or backhand side with accuracy.
DRIVE
- It is a hard stroke hit on a straight line.
- This is fast moving shuttle that follows a horizontal
path from one court to the other.
 Badminton strokes
SMASH
- It is a hard stroke hit sharply downward.
- Bring arm from behind the body with the elbow bent.
Then, forcefully extend your arm overhead to contact the
shuttle.
 Service
✔ The service presents its own array of stroke choices.
✔ The serve is restricted by the Laws so that it must
be hit upwards.
✔ The server can choose a low serve into the
forecourt (like a push), or a lift to the back of the
service court, or a flat drive serve.
✔ Lifted serves may be either high serves, where the
shuttlecock is lifted so high that it falls almost
vertically at the back of the court.
 Scoring
❑ Matches comprise of the best of three games.
Each game starts at 0-0 (traditionally called
"love-all").
 BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS

TOSSING FOR SERVE

- Before the match begins, opponents can toss a coin, spin
a racket, or toss a shuttle to determine who shall get the
choice of serve or side.
 BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS

Scoring System
- A match consists of the best of 3 games of 21 points.
- The side winning a rally adds a point to its score.
- At 20 all, the side which gains a 2 point lead first, wins that
game.
- At 29 all, the side scoring the 30th point, wins that game.
- The side winning a game serves first in the next game.
 BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS

Intervals
- When the leading score reaches 11 points, players have
a 60 second interval.
- A 2-minute interval between each game is allowed.
 BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS

Change of Ends
Players shall change ends:
1. at the end of the first game;
2. at the end of the second game, if there is to be a third
game; and
3. in the third game when a side first scores 11 points.
Note: If the ends are not changed as indicated in Law 8.1, it
shall be done so as soon as the mistake is discovered and when
the shuttle is not in play. The existing score shall stand.
 BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS
SERVICE
In a correct service,
- neither side shall cause undue delay to the delivery of the service once
the server and the receiver are ready for the service. On completion of
the backward movement of server’s racket head, any delay in the start of
the service, shall be considered to be an undue delay;
- the server and the receiver shall stand within diagonally opposite
service courts without touching the boundary lines of these service
courts;
- some part of both feet of the server and the receiver shall remain in
contact with the surface of the court in a stationary position from the
start of the service until the service is delivered;
 BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS
SERVICE
In a correct service,

- the server’s racket shall initially hit the base of the shuttle;
- the whole shuttle shall be below the server’s waist at the
instant of being hit by the server’s racket. The waist shall be
considered to be an imaginary line around the body, level with
the lowest part of the server’s bottom rib;
- the shaft of the server’s racket at the instant of hitting the
shuttle shall be pointing in a downward direction;
 BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS
Singles
- At the beginning of the game and when the score is even, the
server serves from the right service court. When it is odd, the
server serves from the left service court.
- If the server wins a rally, the server scores a point and then
serves again from alternate service court.
- If the receiver wins a rally, the receiver scores a point and
becomes the new server.
 BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS
Doubles
- There is only one serve in doubles.
- At the beginning of the game and when the score is even,
the server serves from the right court. When it is odd, the
server serves from the left court.
- If the serving side wins a rally, the serving side scores a
point and the same server serves again from the alternate
service court.
- If the receiving side wins a rally, the receiving side scores
a point. The receiving side becomes the new serving side.
 BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS
Doubles
- The player of the receiving side who served last stays in
the same service court from where he served last. The
reverse pattern applies to the receiver’s partner
- The players do not change their respective service courts
until they win a point when their side is serving.
- If players commit an error in the service court, the error
is corrected when the mistake is discovered.
BASKETBALL
 BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS
A. HISTORY
1. Basketball came to existence through the ingenuity
of Dr. James Naismith.
2. It was first played in 1891 at Springfield,
Massachusetts, YMCA.
3. The first ball used was a soccer football, because of
its ability to bounce uniformly.
4. The first baskets were peach baskets suspended
from the traditional running track of so many
gymnasiums built in that period.
5. Heights of the baskets were determined by the
running track or balcony height.
 BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS
A. HISTORY
6. The first team had nine players, three forwards,
three centers, and three guards.
7. Later it became optional to reduce five, and
finally five was selected as the best number.
8. By 1932, things drastically changed when eight
national federations founded the International
Basketball Federation in Switzerland.
9. Then in 1917, women began their own
professional league, The Women’s National
Basketball Association (WNBA)
 B. FACILITY AND EQUIPMENT
BASKETBALL
1. Playing Court
– Length – 28 meters; Width – 15 meters
- Boundary line
- Center line, center circle and semi-circles
- Free throw lines, restricted areas and free-
throw rebound places
- Three point field goal area - Team bench
areas
 B. FACILITY AND EQUIPMENT
- Backstop units, consisting of:
• Backboards
• Baskets comprising rings and nets
• Backboard support structures including
padding
- Basketballs
- Game clock
- Scoreboard
 B. FACILITY AND EQUIPMENT
- Twenty-four second device
- Stopwatch or suitable device (not the game
clock) for timing time-outs
- Two separate, distinctly different and loud
signals
- Score sheet
- Player foul markers
- Team foul markers
- Alternating possession arrow
 B. Rules of the Game

— NUMBER OF PLAYERS
➢ On a competition level, a team is made up of 5
players playing on the court and 5 players sitting
on the bench that can be used for substitution
during the whole period of the game.
 B. Rules of the Game
— POSITIONS
➢ Each player is assigned a
position when playing. This
position is usually
determined by the height of
the player.
➢ The tallest player on the
team usually plays “center”
also known as “position 5”,
while the medium size ones
play “forwards” / “position 3
and 4”. The shortest players
then play “guards” / “position
1 and 2”.
 B. Rules of the Game
— SCORING
—A player scores when he manages to throw the ball into the
basket, with the ball passing through the basket from above
the hoop. Scoring a basket increases the team’s score by 3,
2, or 1 point.
—2 point field goal- a shot made from anywhere during play
inside the 3 pt arc.
—3 point field goal- a shot made from anywhere outside the 3
pt arc.
—Free throw- 1 point is awarded to an unguarded shot taken
from behind the free throw line while the clock is stopped.
 B. Rules of the Game
— VIOLATIONS
—A violation occurs when the player breaks one of the rules of
Basketball. A violation results in the awarding of the ball to the
opponents.
—Traveling- moving illegally with the ball
—Three seconds- an offensive player remains in the key (free throw
lane- the area under the basket) for more than 3 seconds
—Double dribble- a player dribbles the ball with both hands at the same
time or they stop and then start dribbling again
—Free throw Violation – Stepping over the free throw line before the
ball hits the rim.
—Back court violation – going back over the centerline/half court to
gain control of the ball after the ball has already been in the opponents
court.
 B. Rules of the Game
— FOULS
—A foul is an illegal action that can be committed by player
from one team against a player from the opposing team.
Basketball is generally said to be a non-contact game. If
contact occurs beyond what is deemed to be reasonable, or
if a player thereby obtains an unfair advantage from it, a foul
is committed.
 B. Rules of the Game
— FOULS
—FOULS: results in one or more free throws awarded to the
opposing team
—Blocking- impeding the progress of an opponent by extending one
or both arms horizontally or getting in the path of a moving player.
—Charging- running into a stationary player while you are moving
with the ball.
—Hacking- the player hits the arm or hand of the person holding the
ball.
—Holding- the player holds the person with or without the ball.
—Disqualifications
—1. Five personal fouls
—2. Single disqualifying foul (Flagrant Foul)
 BASKETBALL TERMS
—Air ball- a shot that completely misses the rim and the
backboard
—Jump Ball – is used to start the game
—Assist- a pass to a teammate who then scores a field
goal.
—Defense- team trying to stop the other team from
scoring
—Dunk- to throw the ball down into the basket with the
hand above the level of the rim
 BASKETBALL TERMS
—Fast break- dribbling or passing the ball towards your
basket before the defense can set up
—Man-to-man- a defensive strategy where everyone
guards an assigned player
—Offense- team trying to score
—Turn over- any loss of the ball without a shot being
taken
—Zone defense- a defensive strategy where everyone
guards an area instead of a player (2-1-2, 2-3)
 BASKETBALL TERMS

—Boxing out- a player’s position between an opposing

player and the basket to obtain a better rebounding
position.
—Dribbling- bouncing the ball with 1 hand using your
fingertips instead of your palm so that it rebounds back
to yourself (the only legal way to move with the ball)
—Low dribble for control (knee high)
—High dribble for speed (waist height)
 BASKETBALL TERMS
—Passing- moving the ball by throwing, bouncing,
handing, or rolling it to another player (Chest- most
common, Bounce, Lob, ect..) Passing is better then
shooting
—Shooting- throwing the ball to make a basket
—Pivoting- stepping once or more in any direction with
the same foot while holding the other foot at its initial
point.
—Rebounding- The recovering of a shot that bounces off
the backboard or the rim.
 BASIC SKILLS IN BASKETBALL
1. Shooting
❏ Shooting is the most important skill in basketball. The
fundamental skills of passing, dribbling, defense, and
rebounding may enable you to get a high percentage
shot, but you must still be able to make the shot.
❏ A large part of shooting is mental attitude. In addition
to shooting skill, you must have confidence in yourself
to shoot well. The integration of the mental and
mechanical aspects of shooting fosters shooting
success.
 BASIC SKILLS IN BASKETBALL
2. Dribbling
❏ Dribbling is one of the first skills you learn
when picking up the sport of basketball, and
it’s one of the most basic skills to play the
game.
❏ is a repetitive action in which a player uses
one hand to bounce the basketball
continuously, that is, without interruption, on
the court. It ends the moment that continuity
ends.
 BASIC SKILLS IN BASKETBALL
3. Rebounding
❏ A rebound in basketball is the result of a missed
shot attempt by the offensive team in which a
player attempting a shot at the basket has hit the
rim, backboard, or a combination of the two.
❏ Being big and strong in basketball is an
advantage of getting more rebounds. Of course,
it helps to jump high and have great timing.
 BASIC SKILLS IN BASKETBALL
4. Passing
❏ A pass in basketball is one of the most basic and
fundamental skills needed to play the game. It is
when a player moves the ball to another
teammate through the air without being right
next to each other.
❏ A pass advances the ball anywhere around the
court anytime a player is not dribbling it.
 BASIC SKILLS IN BASKETBALL
5. Defending
❏ A basketball defense refers to the defensive
strategies, alignments, and positioning that a
team uses to prevent the opposing offense
from scoring baskets.
❏ In basketball, good defense requires
quickness, footwork, and a deep
understanding of the fundamentals.
VOLLEYBALL
 HISTORY
1.William G. Morgan of Holyoke City,
Massachusetts created a game called
Mintonette in February 9, 1895.
2. Dr. A. F. Halstead renamed it to Volleyball.
3. Elwood S. Brown introduced it in the
Philippines in 1910.
4. It was first played as demonstration sport
in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics.
 HISTORY
5. In 1947, the Federation Internationale De
Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris.
6. In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of
passing the ball in a high trajectory to be
struck by another player (the set and spike)
were introduced.
7. In 1930, the first two-man beach game was
played.
 VOLLEYBALL TERMS
● Ace - A serve that results directly in a point,
usually when the ball hits the floor untouched on
the receiving team’s side of the court.
● Assist -helping a teammate set up for a kill.
● Attack- The offensive action of hitting the ball.
● Attacker- Also “hitter” and “spiker.” A player who
attempts to hit a ball offensively with the purpose
of terminating play.
● Attack Block -The defensive team’s attempt to block a
spiked ball.
 VOLLEYBALL TERMS
● Back row/court- Space from baseline (endline) to
attack line. There are 3 players whose court positions
are in this area (positions 1, 6 & 5 on court).
● Back set- Set delivered behind the setter.
● Baseline- The back boundary of the court. Also called
the end line.
● Block - One of the 6 basic skills. A defensive play by
one or more front-row players meant to intercept a
spiked ball. The combination of one, 2 or 3 players
jumping in front of the opposing spiker and contacting
the spiked ball with the hands.
 VOLLEYBALL TERMS
● Center line- The boundary that runs under the net and
divides the court into two equal halves.
● Cross-court attack- An attack directed diagonally from the
point of attack. Also called an angle hit.
● Deep- Refers to sending the ball away from the net, toward
the baseline of the opponent’s court.
● Double block- Two players working in unison to intercept a
ball at the net.
● Forearm Pass- Sometimes referred to as the “pass,”
“bump” or “dig”.
● Front-row- Three players whose court position is in front of
the attack line (3M/10 Foot), near the net. These players
are in positions 2, 3 & 4 on the court.
 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
1.Playing Area – It includes the playing court
and the free zone. It shall be rectangular and
symmetrical.
a) The playing court is a rectangle measuring 18 x
9 m, surrounded by a free zone which is a
minimum of 3 m wide on all sides. The free
playing space is the space above the playing
area which is free from any obstructions. The
free playing space shall measure a minimum
of 7 m in height from the playing surface.
 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
2. Net
a. The net is placed vertically over the center
line whose top is set at the height of 2.43 m
for men and 2.24 m for women.
b. It is 1 m wide & 9.50 to 10 m long, made of 10
cm square black mesh.
c. Two side bands are fastened vertically to the
net and placed directly above each sideline.
d. An antennae is a flexible rod 1.80 m long and
10 mm in diameter. It is fastened at the outer
 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
3. Posts
a. The posts supporting the net are placed at a
distance 0.50 -1.00 m outside the sidelines.
They are 2.55 m high and preferably
adjustable.
b. The posts are rounded and smooth, fixed to
the ground without wires.
 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
4. Balls
a. The ball shall be spherical, made of a flexible
leather or synthetic leather case with a
bladder inside made of rubber or a similar
material.
b. Its color may be a uniform light color, or a
combination of colors.
c. Its circumference is 65-67 cm and its weight is
260-280 g.
 BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL
1. SERVING -Used to put the ball in play. The action is
done with arm swing that sends the ball over the
net into the opponent's court.
❑ Underhand Serve
❏ An underhand serve is a type of serve in which the
player holds the ball in one hand, swings the other
in an arc motion below the waist and strikes the
ball from the bottom with a fist to put it in play.
 BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL

❑ Overhand/Overhead Serve
❏ The overhand (overhead) serve is the most popular
serve in high school and college. The two main
overhand serves are the top spin and float.
Overhand serving is similar to throwing a ball. The
overhand serve is tougher to pass than the
underhand serve because it comes faster and drops
faster.
 BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL
2. Passing/Forearm Pass
❏ Used to receive the ball from your opponents, as
in service, or as a technique to accurately control
the ball in a way that eliminates lifting or carrying
the ball. the fundamental action of passing is to
rebound the ball off of the forearms (which are
held together tightly with the palms and thumbs
positioned together) from a slightly squatted and
balanced position.
 BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL
3. Setting
❏ This passing technique let’s you move the ball in
every direction on the court, take high serve balls
and most importantly set the ball for the attacker
to spike.
❏ Used to receive a teammate's pass in order that
the play may continue by passing the ball overhead
to an attacker. the fundamental action of setting is
to contact the ball with the finger pads
momentarily at the forehead and following through
with arms fully extended to the hitting target.
 BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL
4. Spiking
❏ Used to put the ball into the opponent's court
in order to earn a point or side out. the
fundamental action of attacking incorporates a
quick approach followed by a strong, full arm
swing, and follow-thru.
 BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL
5. Blocking
❏ Used to stop the ball from crossing the net as a result of an
opponent's attack. A block is effective if it immediately
places the ball back into the opponent's court or if it
temporarily slows down the ball in order for a defender to
make a dig.
❏ The fundamental action of blocking is to stand facing the
net with feet shoulder width apart, arms nearly extended
above the head, ready to jump above the net to deflect the
ball back into the opponent's court.
❏ Blocking volleyball keys are positioning, timing, and
movement. To be an effective blocker, you need to stay in a
balance position ready to anticipate.
 VOLLEYBALL POSITIONS
A)Serving Specialist- A serving specialist is a
player who subs in just to serve.
❏ These players typically have a very tough or
very consistent serve, and they come in for a
player who is less strong behind the service
line, but otherwise very valuable to have on
the court as an offensive or defensive threat.
 VOLLEYBALL POSITIONS
B)Libero- Liberos wear a jersey of a different color
and play in the back row five out the six rotations,
usually subbing in for both middle blockers. When
the libero comes in for another player, it does not
count as a substitution.
❏ Liberos are defensive and serve-receive
specialists who are typically fast and are able to
change direction quickly. Liberos are not
permitted to attack the ball from above the
height of the net, and they can only overhand set
a front-row attacker from behind the 10-foot line.
 VOLLEYBALL POSITIONS
C)Setter- The setter is the playmaker, point
guard or the quarterback of the volleyball
team. A setter’s responsibility is to run the
team’s offense and build up offensive scoring
opportunities for the team.
❏The setter is the backbone of the offense
and makes the decisions about who gets
the ball when. She touches the ball on
the second contact and delivers it to her
hitters.
 VOLLEYBALL POSITIONS
D)Middle Blocker- Middle blockers are the
team’s best blockers, and they hit mostly
fast-tempo sets from the middle of the court
and behind the setter.
❏Typically the libero goes in for the middle
when he or she rotates to the back row. Mi
ddle sets are some of the most difficult to s
et and require good passes, therefore mid
dles often get the fewest sets but have the
best hitting percentages.
 VOLLEYBALL POSITIONS
E)Outside hitter ( left side)- hits from the left side of
the court. The left side of the court is the strong side
for right-handed players. The outside typically gets
the most sets, especially when the setter is out of
system, due to the fact that the outside set is one of
the easier options to set.
❏Playing on the outside hitter’s position requires
great all around skills because they play through
the front row and the back row. Outside hitter’s
passing responsibility makes them extremely
important player for the team.
 VOLLEYBALL POSITIONS
F)Opposite Hitter/right side hitter- hits from
the right side of the court. -The right side of
the court is the strong side for left-handed
players.
❏Opposite hitters don’t have the passing
responsibilities. They stand behind the
passers on the rotation while libero and
outside hitters pass the ball and place
themselves to the left front, right front or
right back playing position.
 Referring corps and Procedures
❏ The referring corps for a match is composed
of the following officials:
1. the 1st referee
2. the 2nd referee
3. the scorer
4. four (two) line judges
 Procedures
❑ Only the 1st and 2nd referees may blow a whistle
during the match:
❑ the 1st referee gives the signal for the service that
begins the rally;
❑The 1st or 2nd referee signals the end of the rally,
provided that they are sure that a fault has been
committed and they have identified its nature.
❑They may blow the whistle when the ball is out of
play to indicate that they authorize or reject a
team request.
 Procedures
❑Immediately after the referee’s whistle to
signal the completion of the rally, they have to
indicate with the official hand signals:
❑if the fault is whistled by the 1st referee, he/she
will indicate in order:
a) the team to serve,
b)the nature of the fault,
c)the player(s) at fault (if necessary).
 Procedures
❑ The 2nd referee will follow the 1 referee’s hand
signals by repeating them.
❑ If the fault is whistled by the 2nd referee,
he/she will indicate:
a) the nature of the fault,
b) the player at fault (if necessary),
c) the team to serve following the hand signal of
the 1st referee
 1st Referee
❑Responsibilities:
1. Prior to the match, the 1st referee:
a)inspects the conditions of the playing area, the
balls and other equipment;
b) performs the toss with the team captains;
c)controls the teams' warming-up.
2.During the match, he/she is authorized:
a)to issue warnings to the teams;
b)to sanction misconduct and delays.
 2nd Referee
❑ Responsibilities:
✔At the start of each set, at the change of courts
in the deciding set and whenever necessary,
the 2nd referee checks that the actual
positions of the players on the court
correspond to those on the line-up sheets.
 2nd Referee
❏ During the match, he/she decides, whistles and signals:
a )penetration into the opponent's court, and the space under
the net;
b)positional faults of the receiving team;
c)the faulty contact of the player with the net primarily on the
blocker’s side and with the antenna on his/her side of the
court;
d)completed block by back row players or the attempted block
by the Libero; or the attack hit fault by back row players or
by the Libero
e)the contact of the ball with an outside object;
f)At the end of the match, he/she checks and signs the score
sheet.
 SCORER
❏He/ she keeps the score sheet according
to the rules, co-operating the 2nd referee.
❏He/she uses a buzzer or other sound
device to notify irregularities or give
signals to the referees on the basis of
his/her responsibilities.
 SCORER
PRIOR TO THE MATCH AND SET, THE
SCORER:
❏registers the data of the match and
teams (names and numbers, signatures
of captain and coaches)
❏records the starting line up of each
team from the line up sheets
 SCORER
DURING THE MATCH, THE SCORER:
● records the points scored
● control the intervals between sets
● controls serving order
AT THE END OF THE MATCH, THE SCORER:
● records the final result
● signs the score sheet, before obtaining the
signatures of the team captains and the
referees
 LINE JUDGES
● perform their functions by using flags
● the ball in or out whenever the ball lands near
their lines
● foot fault of the server
● any contact with top 80 cm of the antennae
on their side of the court by any player during
his/her action of playing the ball
SWIMMING AND AQUATICS
 HISTORY
● Swimming is a part of training of Greek, Roman warriors
during the middle ages. The Greeks, Romans, Anglo-
Saxon and Scandinavians classical heroes dealt with the
greatest feast swimming prowess.
● Competitive swimming began in England.
● In 1866, swimming for man was included in the First
Modern Olympic Games in Athens.
● Women started to compete in Olympic Swimming in
1912 held in Stockholm.
● Competitive swimming was first introduced in the early
1800’s in Britain by the National Swimming Society.
 HISTORY
● In 1873 John Trudgen introduced the front crawl to
Britain used with a scissor or flutter kick.
● In 1896 the Olympic Games were held in Greece in the
city of Athens.
● Hungary’s Alfred Hajos won the first gold medal in the
history of swimming in the 100 m freestyle and the 1200
m race.
● Paul Neumann from Austria won the 500 m event.
● In 1900 the Olympic Games were held in Paris, France
and had the 200 m, 1000 m and 4000 m and 200 m
backstroke and a 200 m relay race.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SWIMMING IN THE
PHILIPPINES
● The American military men introduced swimming as a
comparative sport in the country.
● The holding of the first dual swimming meet between
Manila YMCA and the Fort McKinley YMCA in 1910
marked the formal inception in the Philippines of the
swimming as competitive sports.
● In 1911, the first swimming championship was held at the
American Columbian Club swimming pool with
competing American teams from Manila YMCA,
American Columbian Club, and the USS Saratoga.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SWIMMING IN THE PHILIPPINES

● The following year, Filipinos participated in the

second championship meet. Of the 42 individual
entries, the late Conrado Benitez emerged as the
most outstanding Filipino swimmer.
● Women swimmers competed in the 1931 National
Women’s Swimming Championship meet at the
Rizal Memorial Pool where the University of the
Philippines won.
● The second Asian games were held in Manila in
1951 and our swimmers earned honors.
 TERMS
● Swimming –is the movement by humans or animals through
water, usually without artificial assistance. Swimming is an
activity that can be both useful and recreational. Its primary
uses are bathing, cooling, travel, fishing, escape, and sport.
● Swimming strokes – a repetition of body movements
specifically in arms and legs to propel forward in the water.
These skills have different types of strokes with different
execution of movements, most common are front crawl, back
crawl, breast strokes and freestyle.
● Competitive swimming – The goal of competitive swimming
is to be the fastest over a given distance. Competitive
swimming became popular in the nineteenth century, and
comprises 34 individual events - 17 male events and 17
female events.
 TERMS
● Recreational swimming – The most common purpose
for swimming is recreation. Several swimming styles are
suitable for recreational swimming; most recreational
swimmers prefer a style that keeps their head out of the
water and has an underwater arm recovery.
● Occupational swimming – Some occupations require
the workers to swim. For example, abalone divers or
pearl divers swim and dive to obtain an economic
benefit, as do spear fishermen. Swimming is used to
rescue other swimmers in distress. Swimming is very
useful skill across field of profession such as military,
marine biology, beach as life guards, education and etc
 TERMS

● Aquatics –It refers to the different water-sports such as

swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, water-polo,
sailing, skiing, surfing, scuba diving, snorkeling and open
water swimming.
 TYPES OF RECREATIONAL AQUATIC ACTIVITIES

● Swimming–Is one of the common aquatic sports. As

recreational activity, it doesn’t require the participants to
perform competitive level in order to be involve in this
activity.
● Water Aerobics – Participants follows the movement
performed by a water fitness instructor, with
accompaniment of intermittent music, while enjoying and
working out against the water.
● Water Polo - It is a competitive sports which is played
by two teams in the water. The main objective is to score
a goal by throwing a waterproof ball with a single arm. It
develop muscular strength in upper & lower limbs.
 TYPES OF RECREATIONAL AQUATIC ACTIVITIES
● Surfing - A water sports in which a wave rider rides on a long
board, moving on the deep face of the wave that usually carries the
surfer towards the shore. It is suitable primarily in oceans & seas
with active water waves.
● Canoe – Kayak - In early ages, it is essential to civil used for
navigations & to explore to the rivers, lakes, canals & other water
bodies. Today, it is considered as one of recreational aquatic
activities. In Canoe, the paddler kneels on the bottom of the open-
decked vessel, facing forward with a single blade on the end of the
paddle. In kayak, the paddler sits facing forward on a closed-decked
vessel, legs extended in front, using a double-bladed paddle.
● Snorkeling – It is a swimming discipline on or through the bodies of
water while equipped with diving goggles, a typical U-shaped tube
used for breathing which is called as “snorkel”, and swim fins.
 PRE-SKILLS IN LEARNING SWIMMING
● Submerging (bobbing)–this exercise is being done by
raising the arms abruptly sideward and upward when
swimmer wants to go down, and lowering the arms
sideward and downward when he wants to go up.
● Floating–many people swim to stop them from sinking
by trying to swim on the water, not in the water. Floating
is the best way to conserve energy, the next basic skill of
swimming to learn is using the buoyancy of the head.
● Prone/Front Float – it is performed by lying face down
the water, arms and legs are extended. It is used with
the face submerged. Eyes open to see under the water
or with the head high to observe.
 PRE-SKILLS IN LEARNING SWIMMING
● Jelly Fish or Tuck Float–body is doubled up by bending in
the legs, pulling the knees to the chest. Arms clasp knees.
In this position, the body will roll forward until only the back
is visible above the water.
● Supine/Back Float–this is the best relaxing float, can be
performed with the legs together or apart and arms
extended to the side or overhead. With the legs together
and arms by the side there is a tendency for the legs to
sink and drag the body under.
● Dead Man’s Float–lean forward, face down to the water
and relax completely, let your arms and legs drift where
they will. Open your eyes and look around. See how long
you can float in this position. Push your feet against the
bottom or against the side of the pool.
 PRE-SKILLS IN LEARNING SWIMMING
● Sculling–sculling with the hands enables a man to control
the body in the water in a number of positions, without the
help of his feet. Sculling and treading combined will save
more energy than using the feet or hands alone. It
develops the muscles, the hands and arms needed for
pushing against the water.
● Vertical Sculling–hold oneself upright in the water and
weave the hands back and fort vigorously, back and fort in
front of and to the sides of the body in a figure-eight
movement.
● Flutter-Back Sculling–lie on your back and kick slowly up
and down. The legs and feet ought to be knock-kneed and
pigeon-toed position. The hands merely execute a slow
sculling movement at the hips.
 PRE-SKILLS IN LEARNING SWIMMING

● Gliding–a movement in the water without taking any

effort; it is a way of releasing tension and is free from the
task of coordinating the limbs.
 SWIMMING EVENTS

● freestyle: 50m, 100m, 200m, 400m, 800m and

1500m
● backstroke: 100m and 200m
● breaststroke: 100m and 200m
● butterfly: 100m and 200m
● medley: 200m and 400m
● freestyle relay: 4 x 100m, 4 x 200m
● medley relay: 4 x 100m (men, women, mixed)
● open water: 10km
 THE MAJOR SWIMMING STROKES

1. Freestyle (Front crawl) – is a swimming style commonly

referred to as front crawl and regularly used in competitions.
Most swimmers choose to swim front crawl during freestyle
competitions as it is the fastest technique.

2. Breaststroke – Is a slowest swimming stroke but it can

be swum powerfully and at speed. It is popular to the people
who like to swim for fitness as the breathing is much easier
than the front crawl.
- involves frog kicking alternates with a simultaneous
movement of the arms from a point of the head to
shoulder level.
 THE MAJOR SWIMMING STROKES

3. Backstroke - Backstroke or back crawl is one of the four

swimming styles used in competitive events regulated by
FINA, and the only one of these styles swum on the back.
This swimming style has the advantage of easy breathing,
but the disadvantage of swimmers not being able to see
where they are going.
4. Butterfly Stroke –it is difficult to master because it
requires synchronization between two main parts of the
body, the arms and the legs. A strong dolphin kick and the
strength of the upper body are required to propel and pull
the body through the water in undulating manner.
5. Sidestroke - Use this stroke in recreational swimming
and lifesaving. A nice, relaxed resting stroke.
Mouth-to mouth resuscitation for a drowning victim

1. Turn the drowning person’s head to the side,

allowing any water to drain from his or her mouth
and nose. Turn the head back to the center.
2. Begin mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on land, if
possible, or in the water if the injured person needs
immediate life and death measures
3. Strongly breath four times into the mouth of the
injured person as you pinch his or her nose. This
helps air get past any water that is clogging the
breathing passageways and the lungs.
 Mouth-to mouth resuscitation for a drowning victim

4. After four strong breaths, put your ear near the

mouth and watch the chest for any breathing
movement.
5. Check the pulse for signs of life.
6. Repeat the cycle.