Fuel and Combustion

The document provides an overview of fuels and combustion, defining fuels as substances that produce heat when burned with oxygen. It classifies fuels into solid, liquid, and gaseous forms, detailing their characteristics, examples, and comparisons. The document also discusses the combustion process, types of combustion, and the environmental impacts associated with fuel use.

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Fuel and Combustion

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FUEL AND COMBUSTION

Presented by :
Name:--Ajizur Rohman
Roll No:- DIP/22/ME/010
Subject:- Professional
Practice
Branch:- Mechanical
Engineering
Semester:- 5th Semester
Introduction
A fuel, in general terms, may be defined as a
substance containing mostly carbon and hydrogen)
which, on buning with oxygen in the atmospheric
air, produces a large amount of heat.

Classification of Fuels
The fuels may be classified into the following
three general forms are:-
1. Solid fuels,
2. Liquid fuels
3. Gaseous fuels.
1. Solid fuel:-
Solid fuels are organic materials that are used
to create fire and provide energy. They are usually
compact and stable, and do not flow like liquids or
gases.
Example:- wood, peat, lignite or brown
coal, bituminous coal and anthracite coal. The
prepared solid fuels are wood charcoal, coke,
briquetted coal and pulverised coal
2. Liquid fuel:-
Liquid fuels are combustible liquids used to
generate energy, power vehicles, and support
various industrial processes.
Examples: gasoline, diesel, and kerosene,
which are widely used in transportation and for
3. Gaseous fuel:-
1. Natural gas: ---- It occurs in nature
(mostly found under earth crust along with
crude oil) is a mixture of hydrocarbons (80-
95% methane and 5-20% ethane and other
hydrocarbons.

A. CNG (Compressed natural gas): It is

the natural gas compressed under high
pressure.
Use: largely used as alternative fuel for motor
vehicles.
B. LNG (Liquefied natural gas): It is the liquefied
natural gas by refrigerating natural gas to -162° С
Use: Since it is more dense than CNG, so is good for
large trucks

2.LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas):

It is a mixture of hydrocarbons propane and
butane, which are hydrocarbon gases and It is
produced as a by-product of natural gas processing
and crude oil refining. LPG is a versatile and
efficient fuel.
Characteristics of good fuel
A good fuel should have
1. high calorific value
2.moderate ignition temperature
3. low moisture content
4.low non combustible matter content
5. low cost and easy availability
6. easy to transport and storage cost should be low
7.products of combustion should not be harmful.
8.burn in air without much smoke
9.combustion should be easily controllable.
Comparison of solid, liquid and gaseous fuel
Solid fuel Liquid fuel Gaseous fuel

1. Calorific value:
Their calorific value is low. Their calorific value is high Their calorific value is highest.

2. Pollution:
Their ash content is high and Their ash content is low and They are almost pollution free;
they produces lot of smoke on they burn without smoke. they burn without smoke and
burning. ash less.

3. Ignition temp and fire

hazard: Their ignition temp is low so They have a very low ignition
Their possess moderate ignition there is a chance of fire hazard. temp so they are highly
temperature inflammable and chances of
fire hazard is highest.
4. Cost:
Their production cost is low. Cost is relatively higher than They are more costly compare
solid fuel. to solid and liquid fuel.
Combustion
A chemical reaction between a fuel and an
oxidant (usually oxygen) that releases heat and
light.

Process:
1. Ignition: The fuel and oxidant are mixed
and heated to their ignition temperature.

2. Reaction: The fuel and oxidant react, forming

new compounds (usually carbon dioxide and
water vapor) and releasing energy.
Flame: The visible portion of the combustion process,
where the energy is released as light.

Combustion of Fuels
Combustion is an exothermic reaction where
fuel combines with oxygen, releasing heat and often
light. It's essential for energy production and is
categorized into two main types:
1. Complete Combustion: Sufficient oxygen is
present to completely oxidize the fuel, producing only
carbon dioxide and water vapor.
2. Incomplete Combustion: Insufficient
oxygen is present, leading to the production of
carbon monoxide, soot, and other pollutants.
Conclusion