Unit-3

Contents

Fundamental Algorithms:
Introduction
 Exchange the values
 Counting
 Summation
 Factorial Computation
 Fibonacci Sequence
 Reverse
 Base Conversion
 Character to Number Conversion
Python Control Flow,
Functions :

Conditionals: Boolean values and
operators,
 conditional (if, if- else, if-elif-else)
 Iteration statements (state, while, for
break, ontinue, pass)
What is the Algorithm for
exchanging values of two variables?
 Algorithm:
 Step 1: Start
 Step 2: Read the value of Number1, Number2
 Step 3: Number1= Number1 + Number2
 Step 4: Number2= Number1 - Number2
 Step 5: Number1= Number1 - Number2
 Step 6: PRINT the value of Number1 and Number2
 Step 7: Stop
Q. Write a program for exchanging
values of two variables in python
 Source Code: Without Using
Temporary Variable
x =5
y = 10
 x, y = y, x
 print(“value of x: =", x)
 print(“value of y: =", y)
Output
2. Addition and Subtraction code to exchange the value
of variable

X=10
Y=50
x =x+y
y =x-y
x =x–y
 print("Value of x:", x)
 print("Value of y:", y)
Output
3. Multiplication and Division
code to exchange the value of
variable
X=10
Y=50
x = x * y
y = x / y
x = x / y
 print("Value of x : ", x)
 print("Value of y : ", y)
Output
4.XOR swap the value of
variables
 This algorithm works for integers only.
 X=2
 Y=3
 x = x ^ y # 2 ^3 =1
 y = x ^ y # 2^ 3 = 2
 x=x^y# 3
 print("Value of x : ", x)
 print("Value of y : ", y)
Output
Write an algorithm to exchange of
two numbers using third variable
 Step 1: Start
 Step 2: READ num1, num2
 Step 3: temp = num1
 Step 4: num1 = num2
 Step 5: num2 = temp
 Step 6: PRINT num1, num2
 Step 7: Stop
Write a program to exchange of two
numbers using third variable in
python
X= int(input( “ enter the first no”))
 Y=int(input(“enter the second no”))
 Temp=x
 X=y
 y= temp
 Print(“the value of x:”,x)
 Print(“the value of y:”,y)
Output
Write an algorithm to count the
digits in a given number.
 Step 1: Start
 Step 2: READ number
 Step3: Initialize the count 0
 Step 4: repeat step 5 untill number become 0 other wise goto step 7
 Step 5: divide number with 10
 Step 6: count<-count+1
 Step 7: write count
 Step 8: Stop
Q. write a program to count the
digits in a given number in python
 n=int(input("Enter number:")) #n =12546 five
 count=0
 while(n>0): # 12546>0
 count=count+1 #cont =1 2 3 4 5
 n=n//10 # 12546//10 = 1254//10=125 , 125//10= 12 12/10
1//10 0
 print("The number of digits in the number are:",count)
Output
write a program to count the digits in a given
number in python by using inbuilt function

num= 123456
Print(len(str(num)))
Output
Write a program in python to find
the sum of digits of a number.
1234
 rem = 123%10 # 4
Sum = sum+rem # 0+4= 4
Return= n//10 # 123
1234
Sum()

 products_purchased = [5.40, 2.20, 9.95, 1.50, 1.50, 2.20, 4.65, 3.00,

2.00]

total_price = sum(products_purchased)
 print(total_price)
Using Far loop

 n = input("Enter Number to calculate sum")

 n = int (n)
 sum = 0
 for num in range(0, n+1, 1):
 sum = sum+num
 print("SUM of first ", n, "numbers is: ", sum )
Python program to find the sum of
natural using recursive function
 def recur_sum(n):
 if n <= 1:
 return n
 else:
 return n + recur_sum(n-1)
 # change this value for a different result
 num = 16
 if num < 0:
 print("Enter a positive number")
 else:
 print("The sum is",recur_sum(num))
What is factorial computation?

 In simple words, if you want to find a factorial of an

positive integer, keep multiplying it with all the
positive integers less then that number.
 The final result that you get is the Factorial of that
number.
 So if you want to find the factorial of 7, multiply 7
with all positive integers less than 7.
 Those numbers would be 6,5,4,3,2,1. Multiply all
these numbers by 7 and the final result is the
factorial of 7.
Formula of Factorial

Factorial of a number is
denoted by n!, is the product
of all positive integers less
than or equal to n:
n! = n*(n-1)*(n-2)*…..3*2*1
Example

10 Factorial:-
So what is 10!? Multiply 10
with all the positive integers
which are less than 10.
10!
=10*9*8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1=3628
800
# Python program to find the
factorial of a number provided by
the



user.
num = 7 # To take input from the user #
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
 factorial = 1 # check if the number is negative, positive or zero
 if num < 0:
 print("Sorry, factorial does not exist for negative numbers")
 elif num == 0:
 print("The factorial of 0 is 1")
 else:
 for i in range(1,num + 1):
 factorial = factorial*i
 print("The factorial of",num,"is",factorial)
Fibonacci sequence

 A Fibonacci sequence is the integer sequence of 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8....

The first two terms are 0 and 1.
 All other terms are obtained by adding the preceding two terms. This
means to say the nth term is the sum of (n-1)th and (n-2)th term.
In mathematical terms

 Inmathematical terms, the sequence "Fn" of

the Fibonacci sequence of numbers is
defined by the recurrence relation:
 Fn= Fn_1+ Fn_2
 Where seed values are:
 F0=0 and F1=1
Fibonacci sequence:
Method: 1 - By using a while loop

 We will use a while loop for printing the sequence of the Fibonacci
sequence.
 Step 1: Input the number of values we want to generate the
Fibonacci sequence
 Step 2: Initialize the count = 0, n_1 = 0 and n_2 = 1.
 Step 3: If the n_terms <= 0
 Step 4: print "error" as it is not a valid number for series
 Step 5: if n_terms = 1, it will print n_1 value.
 Step 6: while count < n_terms
 Step 7: print (n_1)
 Step 8: nth = n_1 + n_2
 n_terms = int(input ("How many terms the user wants to print? "))
 # First two terms
 n_1 = 0
 n_2 = 1
 count = 0
 # Now, we will check if the number of terms is valid or not
 if n_terms <= 0:
 print ("Please enter a positive integer, the given number is not valid")
 # if there is only one term, it will return n_1
 elif n_terms == 1:
 print ("The Fibonacci sequence of the numbers up to", n_terms, ": ")
 print(n_1)
 # Then we will generate Fibonacci sequence of number
 else:
 print ("The fibonacci sequence of the numbers is:")
 while count < n_terms:
 print(n_1)
 nth = n_1 + n_2
 # At last, we will update values
 n_1 = n_2
 n_2 = nth
Fibonacci sequence
Method: 1 - By using a Far loop

 n= int(input("enter the number"))

 a=0
 print("Fibonacci sequence:",a)
 b=1
 print("Fibonacci sequence:",b)
 for i in range(0,n+1):
 c=a+b
 a=b
 b=c
 print("Fibonacci sequence:",c)
Reverse
 How to Reverse a String in Python
 txt = ( "Hello World“)[)::-1]
print(txt)

 for i in range(10, 0, -2):

 print(i)
Print reverse order of Fibonacci
sequence:-
 def reverseFibonacci(n):
 a = [0] * n
 # assigning first and second elements
 a[0] = 0
 a[1] = 1
 for i in range(2, n):
 # storing sum in the preceding location
 a[i] = a[i - 2] + a[i - 1]
 for i in range(n - 1, -1 , -1):
 # printing array in reverse order
 print(a[i],end=" ")
 # Driver function
 n=7
 reverseFibonacci(n)
Base Conversion
# Decimal to binary conversion:-
Binary to Decimal Conversion in Python

 We have already seen that the Binary System is a combination

of [0 or 1] with each digit being worth two times more than the
last digit, so let’s see how this information will help us to
convert binary to decimal equivalent.
Consider a Binary Number 01011

Digit 0 1 0 1 1

Weight 2^4=16 2^3=8 2^2=4 2^1=2 2^0=1

 Hence,
 (01011)2 =
(0*2^4)+(1*2^3)+(0*2^2)+(1*2^1)+(1*2^0)
 = 0+8+0+2+1=11
 Binary (base-2) is equivalent to decimal(base-10)
 (01011)2= 11
Base Decimal to Binary

 def decimalToBinary(num):
 if num > 0:
 decimalToBinary(num // 2)
 print(num % 2, end = “ ”)
 number = int(input("Enter the decimal number: "))
 #main()
 function decimalToBinary(number)
Using bin() function to form decimal
to binary
 number = int(input("Enter the decimal number: "))
 print(bin(number))
 Output
 Enter the decimal number: 56
 0b111000
Write a program to print binary to
decimal number?
 # Taking binary input
 binary = input("Enter a binary number:")
 def BinaryToDecimal(binary):
 decimal = 0
 for digit in binary:
 decimal = decimal*2 + int(digit)
 print("The decimal value is:", decimal)
 # Calling the function
 BinaryToDecimal(binary)
Decimal to octa conversion
Decimal to octa conversion

 def dectoOct(decimal):
 if(decimal > 0):
 dectoOct((int)(decimal/8))
 print(decimal%8, end='')


 decimal = int(input("Enter a decimal number: "))

 print("Octal: ", end='' )
 dectoOct(decimal)
Octa to decimal conversion:-
Q . Write a program to perform octa
to decimal
 # Python program to convert octal to decimal

 def OctalDecimal(num): #user-defined function

 decimal = 0
 base = 1 #Initializing base value to 1, i.e 8^0

 while (num):
 # Extracting last digit
 last_digit = num % 10
 num = int(num / 10)

 decimal += last_digit * base

 base = base * 8

 return decimal

 # take inputs
 num = int(input('Enter an octal number: '))

 # calling function and display result

Decimal to hexadecimal
Write a program to convert decimal
to hexadecimal
 conversion_table = ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'A' , 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F']

 decimal = int(input("Enter a number: "))

 hexadecimal = ''

 while(decimal>0):
 remainder = decimal%16
 hexadecimal = conversion_table[remainder]+ hexadecimal
 decimal = decimal//16


 print("Hexadecimal: ",hexadecimal)
Output

Entera number: 67
Hexadecimal: 43
Hexa decimal to decimal conversion
Write a program to convert
hexadecimal to decimal
 # hexadecimal string
 hex = '0F'


 # conversion
 dec = int(hex, 16)


 print('Value in hexadecimal:', hex)

 print('Value in decimal:', dec)
OUTPUT

Value in hexadecimal: 0F
Value in decimal: 15
Python Program to Convert Decimal to
Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal

 dec = 344

 print("The decimal value of", dec, "is:")

 print(bin(dec), "in binary.")
 print(oct(dec), "in octal.")
 print(hex(dec), "in hexadecimal.")
Output

The decimal value of 344 is:

0b101011000 in binary.
0o530 in octal.
0x158 in hexadecimal.
Ascii value:-
Character to number conversion

text
= "a"
number = ord(text)

print(number)
Output
97
Number to character conversion

 number = 97
 ascii = chr(number)

 print(ascii)
 Output
 a