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Module-4 (1)

The document discusses finite state machines (FSM), focusing on two models: Mealy and Moore. It explains the differences between these models in terms of how outputs are generated based on present states and inputs, and introduces concepts like state diagrams and state tables for representing synchronous sequential circuits. Additionally, it includes assignments related to converting between Mealy and Moore machines and drawing ASM charts.

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5 views

Module-4 (1)

The document discusses finite state machines (FSM), focusing on two models: Mealy and Moore. It explains the differences between these models in terms of how outputs are generated based on present states and inputs, and introduces concepts like state diagrams and state tables for representing synchronous sequential circuits. Additionally, it includes assignments related to converting between Mealy and Moore machines and drawing ASM charts.

Uploaded by

aivideosclubofficial
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 4:

Finite State Machines


Synchronous sequential circuit models.
• A block diagram of clock sequential circuit is shown in figure.

• This is also known as finite state machine(FSM).


• Depending upon the way, the external outputs are obtained from the
circuit,there are two different models of sequential circuits.
• These are Mealy model and Moore model.
Mealy Model
• ln Mealy model, the next state is a function of present state and present
inputs. Its output is also a function of present state and present inputs.
• Figure represents a Mealy Model.

• In general, the next state and the output of a Mealy model are defined by
Next state =F1(Present state, inputs)
Outputs =F2(Present state, inputs)
Moore Model
• The block diagram of a Moore model of circuit is shown in figure.

• Similar to Mealy model, the next state in a Moore model is also a function of present
state and the inputs, but the outputs of Moore model are function of only the present
state and are independent of the inputs.
• The Moore model is defined as
Next state = F1(Present state, inputs)
Outputs =F (Present state)
Basic Concepts
• Systematic procedure for the design of clocked sequential circuits is based on the concept of
‘state’.
• For these circuits, the sequence of inputs, present, and next states and output can be
represented by a state table or a state diagram.
• The behaviour of a combination subject can be described in the form of Boolean expression(s),
truth, or k-map.
• Operation of synchronous sequential circuit is always in synchronism with the clock pulses,
therefore the occurrence of clock pulse is vital to describe its operation.
• Before occurrence of any given clock pulse, the following items are required to be known
1) Present state i.e the output of FLIP-FLOP in the circuit.
2) Signal(s) present and the external input(s), known as input(s).
The combination of present state and external input results in transition to the next state (when
clock is applied) and an output.
State diagram
• It is a directed graph, consisting of vertices (or nodes) and directed arcs between the nodes.
• Every state of the circuit is represented by node in the graph.
• A node is represented by circle with the name of the state written inside the circle.
• The directed arcs represent the state transitions .
• With the circuit in one state, at the occurrence at the of a clock pulse, there will be a state
transition to the next state, and there will be an output, both in accordance with the
requirement of the circuit.
• The labels are put on the directed arcs specifying the inputs and outputs separated by a
slash(/).
• For each possibility of input,there will be a directed arc.
• In general for an n-input machine, 2^n arcs will emanate from each node.
• Eg:
State table
• State table is a tabular form of describing the operation of a synchronous circuit.
• Each row of the state table corresponds to a state of the circuit and each column
corresponds to a combination of external inputs.
Examples:Moore Machine
Problem: Construction of the machines that take
set of all string over {a, b} as input and count
number of substring ‘ab’
Mealy to Moore Conversion
Moore to Mealy Conversion
ASM Chart
ASM chart for Moore Machine(1-bit
input)
ASM chart for Moore Machine(2-bit
input)
Difference Between Mealy and Moore machine
Mealy Machine Moore machine
Output depends on present state and present Input Output depends on present state and on Input

Input string of length ‘n’ ---Output string is also of Input string of length ‘n’ ---Output string is of length
length ‘n’ ‘n+1’
λ:QX∑ ∆ λ:Q∆

Mealy output is Asynchronous Output is synchronous with clock


Assignment question
Draw the ASM chart for the following
1)
diagram 2)
Assignment
• Convert the given mealy machine to Moore machine

• Convert the given Mealy into Moore machine (solution is given)


• Draw state diagram of a Moore machine to count the occurrence of
substring aab (solution given)

• For the following Moore Machine the input alphabet Σ = {a,b}


and output is Δ = {0,1}. Run the input sequence and
find the output
1.aaab 2 abbaba
• Draw ASM charts for the state diagram

• Draw ASM charts for the state diagram

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