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Borrowing and Its Types

Borrowing is the process of adopting words from one language into another, with the donor language providing the words and the recipient language incorporating them. There are two main types of borrowing: direct and indirect, with direct borrowing including cultural, core, and therapeutic subtypes, while indirect borrowing includes calques, loan shifts, and hybrids. Borrowing often occurs due to cultural contact and the perceived prestige of the donor language.

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61 views17 pages

Borrowing and Its Types

Borrowing is the process of adopting words from one language into another, with the donor language providing the words and the recipient language incorporating them. There are two main types of borrowing: direct and indirect, with direct borrowing including cultural, core, and therapeutic subtypes, while indirect borrowing includes calques, loan shifts, and hybrids. Borrowing often occurs due to cultural contact and the perceived prestige of the donor language.

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waseem786iqbal01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Borrowing and its

types
2. What is Borrowing…?

• “Borrowing is a word adopted from another language


completely or partially naturalized.” “Borrowing is process that
takes over words from most of the other languages with it has
had contact.” The language from which a words has been
borrowed will be called the donor language, and the language
into which it has been borrowed is the recipient language.
3. For example :

• Television: Tele from GREEK (Far off) Visio from LATIN


(to see) Pizza from ITALY Hamburger from JERMAN
Chili from SPANYOL Theater from GREECE
4. Borrowings enter the language in 2 ways:

• 1) Through oral speech (by immediate contact


between the peoples). They took place in the early
periods of history. They are usually short and
undergo considerable changes in the act of
adoption.
5. Ways Of Borrowings: (cont.)

• 2. Through written speech (by indirect contact


through books, etc.). They gained importance in
recent times. They preserve their spelling and
some peculiarities of their sound-form.
6. Motivations for change:

• In general, we can say that speakers (generally unconsciously) make changes


in their languages under the influence of another language for two reasons:

• First, those speakers fall under the influence of another language because
there is something more “attractive” about that language – the attraction
largely being associated with the higher prestige of the speakers of that
language or its wider use in the community where both languages are spoken.
• 7. Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact
between two language communities..
8. Types of borrowing:

• Basically we have two types of borrowing i.e.

• 1) Direct borrowing

• 2) Indirect/less direct borrowing


9. Direct borrowing:

• Sub types :

• 1) Cultural borrowing

• 2) Core borrowing

• 3) Therapeutic borrowing
10. Indirect or less direct borrowing:

• 1. Calque or loan translation.

• 2. Loan shifts.

• 3. Loan blends n Hybrids.


12. Core Borrowings:

• Core borrowings are words that duplicate elements that the


recipient language already has in its word store. They are
unnecessary – by definition, another layer on the cake,
because the recipient language always has viable
equivalents. Then, why are they borrowed? Cultural
pressure…language of prestige etc.
13. Therapeutic borrowing :

• Borrowing has also been said to occur for therapeutic reasons, when
the original word becomes unavailable. Two subcases of this are: (i)
Borrowing due to word taboo: In some cultures, there are strict word
taboo rules,. E.G. rules that prohibit a certain word that occurs in a
deceased person’s name, or a word that occurs in the name of a taboo
relative .
14. (ii) Borrowing for reasons of
homonymy avoidance:
• If a word becomes too similar to another word due to sound change,
the homonymy clash might be avoided by borrowing. Thus, it has
been suggested that the homonymy of earlier English bread (from Old
English bræde) ‘roast meat’and bread (from Old English bread)
‘morsel, bread’led to the replacement of the first by a French loan
(roast, from Old French rost) .
15. Less Direct Borrowing

• THREE INDIRECT BORROWINGS 1. Calque or loan translation:

• Many calques consist of more than one word.

• Translation is loaned not the word. Phonological shape is not


loaned.

• E.g. English Skyscraper… French gratte- ciel which literally means


scratch sky.
16. 2. Loan Shifts:

• Phonological form is borrowed but different meaning


is given from it’s original. Last twenty years French
and German borrowed English gerunds, e.g. le
shampooing in French is name of product not the
process.
17. 3. Loan blends and Hybrids:

• They consist parts from both languages , the donor


and recipient language. E.g. English grandfather is
from French grandpere and English
•Thanks

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