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Day 4 SQL

The document provides an introduction to SQL, explaining its purpose as a standard query language for managing relational databases using SQL Server Management Studio. It covers various data types, constraints, and SQL commands including DDL, DML, and DQL, detailing their functions such as creating, altering, and deleting tables, as well as inserting, updating, and querying data. Additionally, it discusses operators and clauses used in SQL for data retrieval and manipulation.

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Aditya Banerjee
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1 views18 pages

Day 4 SQL

The document provides an introduction to SQL, explaining its purpose as a standard query language for managing relational databases using SQL Server Management Studio. It covers various data types, constraints, and SQL commands including DDL, DML, and DQL, detailing their functions such as creating, altering, and deleting tables, as well as inserting, updating, and querying data. Additionally, it discusses operators and clauses used in SQL for data retrieval and manipulation.

Uploaded by

Aditya Banerjee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DAY 4

Introduction
to SQL
What is SQL?

 SQL stands for Standard Query Language.


 SQL language is used to Store, manipulate and retrieve the data
stored in the Relational Database System.
 We are using SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) as our
Relational Database System.
 Basically, the SQL Server acts as the platform to store databases
and SQL is the standard language used in the platform to perform
operations on those databases.
Datatypes in MS SQL

 int – stores number up to 4 bytes.


 bigint – stores numbers up to 8 bytes.
 char – stores string data type and has a fixed width.
 varchar() – stores string data type but has a variable width which can be
predefined.
 nchar() – stores multilanguage strings with predefined values.
 date – stores only the date part but no time. (YYYY-MM-DD)
 datetime – stores the date as well as time. (YYYY-MM-DD)
Constraints in MSSQL

These constraints are applied on columns while creating a table

 NOT NULL Constraint – Column value cannot be null


 Unique Constraint – All values in a column have to unique, can take null
values
 PRIMARY KEY – Unique identifier of a table, has to be unique and cannot
be null
 IDENTITY(start,gap) – To auto-increment a column, used with Primary
Key
 FOREIGN KEY – Links one table with another
 CHECK CONSTRAINT – to give user defined conditions to a column entry
SQL Commands

• DDL – Data Definition


Language
• DML – Data Manipulation
Language
• DCL – Data Control Language
• TCL – Transaction Control
Language
• DQL – Data Query Language
DDL : Create command

• To create a database • To create a table


DDL : Alter command

• To add a column, to • To remove a column,


an existing table form an existing
table
DDL : Drop command

 To drop a table – Delete the


entire table including its data
and headers

Difference between Drop, Delete and Truncate:


Drop – Deletes the entire table and its existence.
Truncate – Deletes all the records of the table but keeps the headers like the
column names.
Delete – Delete enables the user to delete specific rows from a table using
conditions.
DML : Insert command

 To insert values into an


existing table
DML : Update command

• To update an entire • To update a specific row of a


column column using ‘where’ clause
DML : Delete command

• To delete entire table • To delete entire table


except the column names except the column names
DQL : Select command
‘Select’ is used to retrieve data from the table

• To retrieve entire • To retrieve specific • To retrieve ‘distinct’ rows


data from the table column from the table of a column from the
table
DQL : Select with ‘Where’ clause
• To retrieve data from the table • To retrieve data from the
using a specific condition table using two or more
conditions
DQL : Select with ‘In’ and ‘between’ operators

• To retrieve data from the • To retrieve data from the


table using ‘In’ operator table using ‘Between’
operator
DQL : Select with ‘Like’ operator
‘Like’ operator is used for pattern matching with String values.
Two wildcard characters are used mainly, ‘%’ and ‘_’
‘ %’ – matches any sequence of character
‘_’ – matches any single character

• ‘Like’ operator using ‘%’ • ‘Like’ operator using ‘_’ character


character
DQL : Select with ‘Order by’
clause
• To retrieve data in an • To retrieve data in
ascending order based on descending order based
a column on a column
DQL : Select with ‘Group by’
clause
 Group by clause is used to combine rows with similar data. There
must be an aggregate function in the Select statement when
Group By clause is used.

 Grouping the data based on country


and counting the number of
employee from each country
Thank you!

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