SPACE – TIME CODING IN MIMO WIRELESS

SYSTEM & BLAST ARCHITECTURE

MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR

BY –
SHASHANK JAISWAL
 CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• WHY DO WE NEED MULTIPATH PROPAGATION?
• SPACE TIME (MIMO) SYSTEMS
• SPACE TIME BLOCK CODES
– THE ALAMOUTI SCHEME
– SIMULATION RESULT
• BLAST ARCHITECTURE
– D-BLAST
– V-BLAST
– SIMULATION RESULT
• FUTURE WORK
• REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
• MIMO systems can be simply defined as an arbitrary
wireless communication system, having a link for which
the transmitting end as well as the receiving end is
equipped with multiple antenna elements.
• The idea behind MIMO is that the signals on the
transmit (TX) antennas at one end and the receive (RX)
antennas at the other end are “combined” in such a
way that the quality (bit-error rate or BER) or the data
rate (bits/sec) of the communication for each MIMO
user will be improved.
• This helps in increasing both the network’s
quality of service and the operator’s revenues
significantly.
• A key feature of MIMO systems is the ability to
turn multipath propagation, traditionally a
pitfall of wireless transmission, into a benefit
for the user.
• MIMO effectively takes advantage of random
fading and when available, multipath delay
spread , for multiplying transfer rates.
WHY DO WE NEED MULTIPATH
PROPAGATION?
SIMO CHANNEL HAVING LINE OF SIGHT
• Here, there is only free space without any reflectors or
scatterers, and only a direct signal path between each
antenna pair.
• The antenna separation is .
• Since the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is
much larger than size of the receive antenna array, the paths
from the transmit antenna to each of the receive antennas
are –
• The optimal receiver simply adjusts for the
different delays so that the received signals at
the antennas can be combined constructively,
yielding a nr -fold power gain. The resulting
capacity is

• The SIMO channel thus provide a power gain

but no degree-of-freedom gain.
MISO CHANNEL HAVING LINE OF SIGHT
• The MISO channel with multiple transmit antennas and
single receive antenna is reciprocal to the SIMO channel.
• Here, the transmit antennas are separated by .
• The phase of the signal from each of the transmit
antennas is adjusted so that they add constructively at
the receiver, yielding a nt -fold power gain.
• The capacity is the same as SIMO. Again there is no
degree-of-freedom gain.
 MIMO WITH ONLY LINE OF SIGHT
• Here, both the transmit and the receive antennas are in linear
arrays and dik is the distance between the antennas and is
given by-
• The capacity of this channel is given by –

• The factor ntnr is the power gain of the MIMO channel. Thus,
the number of available spatial degrees of freedom does not
increase even though there are multiple transmit and multiple
receive antennas.
• In summary: in a line-of-sight only
environment, a MIMO channel
provides a power gain but no
degree-of-freedom gain.
 GEORAPHICALLY SEPARATED TRANSMIT
ANTENNA
• Considering the transmit antenna are placed very far apart,
with the separation of the order of the distance between the
transmitter and receiver.
• Each transmit antenna has only a line-of-sight path to the
receive antenna array.
• In this case, it has two non-zero singular values ¸λ12 and λ22 ,
yielding two degrees of freedom.
• Intuitively, the transmitted signal can now be received from
two different directions that can be resolved by the receive
antenna array.
 GEORAPHICALLY SEPARATED RECEIVE
ANTENNA
• We have increased the number of degrees of
freedom by placing the transmit antennas far
apart and keeping the receive antennas close
together, but we can achieve the same goal by
placing the receive antennas far apart and
keeping the transmit antennas close together.
• This will also yield two degree-of-freedom.
 MIMO WITH LINE OF SIGHT PLUS ONE
REFLECTED PATH
• Now let us consider, that the transmit
antennas are far apart and same with the
receive antennas, but in addition to the line of
sight we also have a reflected path off a
wall(suppose). Let’s call the direct path as path
1 and the reflected path as path 2.
• To see clearly what the role of the multipath is, it
is helpful to rewrite H as H = H’’H’, where H’ is a 2
by nt matrix while H’’ is an nr by 2 matrix.
• Points A and B are geographically widely
separated, the matrix H’ has rank 2. Similarly, one
can interpret the second matrix H’’ as the matrix
channel from two imaginary transmitters at A and
B to the receive antenna array. This matrix has
rank 2 as well.
• Although both the transmit antennas and the receive
antennas are close together, multipaths in effect
provide virtual “relays" which are geographically far
apart.
• The channel from the transmit array to the relays as
well as the channel from the relays to the receive
array both have two degrees of freedom, and so does
the overall channel.
• Spatial multiplexing is now possible.
• In this context, multipath fading can be viewed as
providing an advantage that can be exploited.
 SPACE- TIME (MIMO) SYSTEMS

• In the given diagram a compressed digital

source is fed to a simplified transmitting block
with error control coding and mapping to
complex modulation symbols such as QPSK,
M-QAM, etc.
• Each is then mapped onto one of the multiple
TX antennas.
• After upward frequency conversion, filtering
and amplification, the signals are launched
into the wireless channel.
• At the receiver, the signals are captured by
possibly multiple antennas and demodulation
and de-mapping operations are performed to
recover the message.
• A high-rate bit stream (left) is decomposed into three
independent 1/3-rate bit sequences which are then
transmitted simultaneously using multiple antennas.
• The signals are launched and naturally mix together in
the wireless channel as they use the same frequency
spectrum. At the receiver, after having identified the
mixing channel matrix through training symbols, the
individual bit streams are separated and estimated.
 SPACE-TIME BLOCK CODES
• The diversity order or diversity gain of a MIMO system is
defined as the number of independent receptions of the same
signal.
• A MIMO system with Nt transmit antennas and Nr receive
antennas has potentially full diversity (i.e. maximum diversity)
gain equal to NtNr.
• The different replicas sent for exploiting diversity are
generated by a space-time encoder which encodes a single
stream through space using all the transmit antennas and
through time by sending each symbol at different times.
• This form of coding is called Space-Time Coding (STC). Due to
their decoding simplicity, the most dominant form of STCs are
space-time block codes (STBC).
 THE ALAMOUTI SCHEME
• One of the method to implement the space-time
block codes is by using the Alamouti’s scheme.
• The scheme uses two transmit antennas and one
receive antenna and may be defined by the following
three functions –
– the encoding and transmission sequence of
information symbols at the transmitter.
– the combining scheme at the receiver.
– the decision rule for maximum likelihood detection.
• At a given symbol period, two signals are simultaneously
transmitted from the two antennas.
• The signal transmitted from antenna zero is denoted by So and
from antenna one by s1.
• During the next symbol period signal (-s*1) is transmitted from
antenna zero, and signal s*o is transmitted from antenna one
where * is the complex conjugate operation. This sequence is
shown in Table I.
• The channel at time t may be modeled by a complex
multiplicative distortion ho(t) for transmit antenna
zero and h1(t) for transmit antenna one. Assuming
that fading is constant across two consecutive
symbols, we can write

• Where, T is the symbol duration. The received signals

can then be expressed as

• where ro and r1 are the received signals at time t and

t + T and no and n1 are complex random variables
• The combiner builds the following two combined signals
that are sent to the maximum likelihood detector:

• Substituting ro and r1 we get,

• These combined signals are then sent to the maximum

likelihood detector which, for each of the signals so and
s1 , uses the maximum likelihood decision for PSK signals.
• There may be applications where a higher order of
diversity is needed and multiple receive antennas at the
remote units are feasible. In such cases, it is possible to
provide a diversity order of 2 with two transmit and M
receive antennas.
SIMULATION RESULT
 BLAST ARCHITECTURE
• Rich scattering wireless channel is capable of enormous
theoretical capacities if the multipath is properly exploited.
A common method used for this is using BLAST
architecture. There are two common BLAST architecture –
– Diagonal-BLAST (D-BLAST)
– Vertical-BLAST (V-BLAST)
• An essential feature of BLAST is that no explicit
orthogonalization of the transmitted signals is imposed by
the transmit structure at all. Instead, the propagation
environment itself is exploited to achieve the signal
decorrelation necessary to separate the co-channel signals.
 D-BLAST ARCHITECTURE
• D-BLAST stands for Diagonal Bell Labs Layered Space Time. It utilizes multi-
element antenna at both transmitter and receiver. It has diagonally
layered coding structure in which code blocks are dispersed across
diagonals in space time. In a Rayleigh scattering environment, this
structure leads to theoretical rates which grow linearly with the number of
antennas.
 V-BLAST ARCHITECTURE
• V-BLAST stands for Vertical Bell Labs Layered Space
Time.
• The layering is Horizontal, meaning that all the
symbols of a certain stream are transmitted through
the same antenna (one stream per antenna). It
eliminates the space time wastage.
• V-Blast is a single user scheme which has multiple
transmitters.
• It divides the data stream into substreams and
transmits them through multiple transmitters at the
same time and frequency.
• The detection process consists of three operations:
interference suppression (nulling), interference cancellation
(subtraction) and optimal ordering.
• The interference nulling process is carried out by projecting
the received signal into the null subspace spanned by the
interfering signals.
• The interference cancellation process is done by subtracting
the detected symbol from the received signal.
• The optimal ordering, which is last process, ensures that the
detected symbol has the highest signal to noise ratio (SNR).
• The detection algorithm is given by:

• Where G, w are the weight vector, r is the received

vector before estimation, H+ is the pseudo inverse of
the channel matrix, q is the decision process and i is
the increment index.
Since the amount of interference cancelled
in each step becomes smaller, a new
algorithm was proposed which is called new
V-BLAST algorithm. Here, the algorithm
stops iterating when the interference
becomes very small. Hence, it reduces
complexity of the system. Figure shows the
flow chart of a modified V-BLAST algorithm
where C is a constant. When the value of C
becomes 1, the algorithm becomes the
same as the original V-BLAST detection.
When C becomes 0, on the other hand, the
algorithm becomes minimum mean square
error (MMSE) and zero forcing (ZF)
detection.
SIMULATION RESULT
 CONCLUSION
• From the simulation result of 2x2 MIMO system,
the output that we got from using the estimated
channel and the output using the known channel
comes out to be almost same with slight
difference between the two.
• From the simulation result of V-BLAST system, it
is observed that the ML detection has better BER
performance than the MMSE and ZF detections
by 15dB. In Addition, the performance of MMSE
detection is better than ZF detection by 2- 3 dB.
 REFERENCES
• David Gesbert, Mansoor Shafi, Da-shan Shiu, Peter J. Smith and Ayman
Naguib, “From Theory to Practice: An Overview of MIMO Space-time
Coded Wireless Systems”, IEEE Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3, April 2003.
• David Tse & Pramod Vishwanathan, “Fundamentals of Wireless
Communication”, August, 2004.
• Eduardo Zacarias B., “BLAST Architectures”, Postgraduate course in Radio
Communication, Autumn 2004.
• P. W. Wolniansky, G. J. Foschini, G. D. Golden, R. A. Valenzuela, “V-BLAST:
An Architecture for realizing Very High Data Rates over the Rich-Scattering
Wireless Channel”, Bell Laboratories.
• Yamini Devlal, Meenakshi Awasthi, “MIMO Performance Analysis With
Alamouti STBC Code and V-BLAST Detection Scheme”, International Journal
of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 4, Issue
1, January 2015
THANKYOU