Electromagnetic wave

• Displacement Current :
• The current which comes into play in the
region in which the electric field and the
electric flux is changing with time is called
displacement current. It is given by
Need for Displacement Current
• Ampere’s circuital law for conduction current during
charging of a capacitor was found inconsistent.
Therefore, Maxwell modified Ampere’s circuital law.
• Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetic Waves
• Maxwell’s equations are the basic laws of electricity
and magnetism. These equations give complete
description of all electromagnetic interactions.
There are four Maxwell’s equations which are
explained below:
Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetic Waves Maxwell’s equations
are the basic laws of electricity and magnetism. These equations
give complete description of ail electromagnetic interactions.
There are four Maxwell’s equations which are explained below:
Electromagnetic waves
• Sources of electromagnetic waves
• Stationary charge- Source of electric field
• Uniformly moving charge- Constant current
Source of uniform electric field and
magnetic field
• Accelerated charge-
Source of changing electric and changing
magnetic field
 Electromagnetic Waves
• An electromagnetic wave is a wave radiated
by an accelerated or oscillatory charge in
which varying magnetic field is the source of
electric field and varying electric field is the
source of magnetic field. Thus two fields
becomes source of each other and the wave
propagates in a direction perpendicular to both
the fields.
A changing magnetic field is a source of
changing electric field and a changing electric
field is a source of changing magnetic field.
When both the changing field move in the space
producing each other called electromagnetic
wave.
• Accelerated charges radiate electromagnetic
waves.
• An oscillating charge is an example of
accelerating charge.
• Electromagnetic waves are also produced when
fast moving electrons are suddenly stopped by a
metallic surface of high atomic number.
Nature of Electromagnetic Waves ( Transverse nature)
In the EM wave the oscillating electric and
magnetic fields, E and B are perpendicular to
each other, and to the direction of propagation
of the electromagnetic wave.
For a wave of frequency ν, wavelength λ,
propagating along z-direction, we have
Properties of Electromagnetic
Wave:
1.Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature
as the electric and magnetic fields are
perpendicular to each other as well as
perpendicular to the propagation of wave.
2.Accelerated charge is a source of
electromagnetic waves.
3.Electromagnetic waves have constant velocity in
vacuum and it is nearly equal
to 3×108ms−1 which is denoted by c = 1/√μoϵo.
4.In a medium the speed of EM wave is v = 1/√μϵ.
5.The ratio of the amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields is
constant and equal to speed of light.

• E0/B0 = C =3×108ms−1

6.
7.The energy carried by the electric and magnetic
fields of electromagnetic waves are equal, i.e.
uE = uM.
8. Linear momentum delivered to the surface by the
EM waves is,
p= U/c
• There is a vector quantity S, called the
Poynting vector which represents the energy
transferred by electromagnetic waves per
second per unit area.
• S→ = 1μE→ × B→Electromagnetic radiation
from outer space has given us so much
information about the universe, its existence,
and the other celestial bodies
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• The systematic sequential distribution of
electromagnetic waves in ascending or
descending order of frequency or wavelength
is known as electromagnetic spectrum.
• The range varies from 10-12 m, to 104 m, i.e.
from γ-rays to radio waves.
 Type Frequency
Production
(Wavelength) (Hz)
Radio acceleration and decelerations 3×103 to
(> 0.1 m) of electrons in aerials 3×109

Microwave Klystron valve or magnetron 3×109 to

(0.1m to 1 mm) valve 3×1011

Infra-red Vibration of atoms and 3×1011 to

(1 mm to 700 nm) molecules 4×1014

Transition of electron from 4×1014 to

Visible light higher energy orbit to lower
(700 nm to 400 nm) 8×1014
energy orbit in a atom.
 Type Frequency
Production
(Wavelength) (Hz)

Inner shell electrons in

Ultraviolet 8×1014 to
atoms moving from one
(400 nm to 1nm) energy level to a lower level 8×1016

X-ray tubes
X-rays Bombardment of fast 1×1016 to
(1nm to 10‒3 nm) moving electron on 3×1021
heavy metal target
5×1018 to
Gamma rays Radioactive decay of 3×1022
(< 10‒3 nm) the nucleus
1.Radio waves

Radio waves are produced by the

accelerated motion of charges in
conducting wires. They are generally in
the frequency range from 500 kHz to
about 1000 MHz .
1-They are used in radio and television
communication systems.
2- They are uses in cell phones.
3- They are used in radio telescope.
2-Microwaves
• Microwaves (short-wavelength radio waves),
with frequencies in the gigahertz (GHz) range.
• They are produced by special vacuum tubes
(called klystrons, magnetrons and Gunn
diodes).
1.Due to their short wavelengths, they can
travels in the form of beam and suitable for
the radar communication used in aircraft
navigation.
2.They are used in satellite & spacecraft
communication.
3- Used in microwave oven to cook food.

4-They are used in garage door openers and

keyless entry systems.
3-Infrared waves
• Infrared waves are sometimes referred to as
heat waves.
• Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and
molecules.
1-Infrared radiation plays an important role in
maintaining the earth’s warmth through the
greenhouse effect.
2- Infrared waves are used in solar heating
device.
3-They are used to take photograph in foggy or
cloudy conditions. Used in night vision devices
4- They are used in remotes of TV, DVD player.
5- They are uses in the treatment of muscular strain.
4-Visible rays
• It is the part of the spectrum that is detected by
the human eye.It runs from about4 × 1014 Hz to
about 7 × 1014 Hz or a wavelength range of about
700 – 400 nm.
• Visible light emitted or reflected from objects
around us provides us information about the
world.
5-Ultraviolet rays

• Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is produced by special

lamps and very hot bodies like welding arc.
• The sun is an important source of ultraviolet
light. Ozone layer absorb UV rays from the sun
• They produce skin cancer
1-Ultraviolet radiations can be focused into very
narrow beams for high precision applications
such as LASIK (Laser Assisted In Situ
Keratomileusis ) eye surgery.
2-Ultraviolet rays are used to kill germs in water
purifiers and used to preserve food
3- Ultraviolet rays are used in sterilizing the
surgical instruments.
4-They are used in detection of forged
documents and figure prints.
5- They are used in Burglar Alarm.
6-X-rays

• It covers wavelengths from about 10‒8 m (10 nm)

down to 10‒13 m (10‒4 nm).
• One common way to generate X-rays is to
bombard a metal target by high energy electrons.
1-X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool in medicine.
2- They are used in the treatment of certain forms
of cancer.
3- They are used in the study of crystals structure.
4- X-rays kill the diseased tissues, hence are used to
cure intractable skin diseases, malignant tumours
5- X-rays are used in industry to detect defects in
motor tyres, golf and tennis ball.
6- They are used in detective department to
check explosive, precious metals like diamond
gold or silver in the body or bags of
smugglers .
7-Gamma rays

• The wavelengths of Gamma rays are from

about 10‒10 m to less than 10‒14 m.
• Gamma rays are produced in nuclear reactions
and also emitted by radioactive nuclei.
1-They are used in medicine to destroy cancer
cells.
2-They are used in preservation of food for long
time.
The magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is
given by By = (2 × 10–7) sin (0.5×103x+1.5×1011t) T.
(a) What is the wavelength and frequency of the wave?
(b) Write an expression for the electric field.
• Solution
• (a) Comparing the given equation with
• By = B0 sin (kx + ωt) T
• B0 = (2 × 10–7) , k = 0.5×103 , ω=1.5×1011
• We know that k = 2π/λ or λ = 2π/ k
• λ = 2×3.14/ 0.5×103
• λ = 12.56 × 10-3
• λ = 12.56 mm
(b) E0 / B0=c

• E0 = B0×c = 2×10–7 T × 3 × 108 m/s

• = 6 × 10 V/m
• The electric field component is perpendicular
to the direction of propagation and the
direction of magnetic field.
• Therefore, the electric field component along
the z-axis is obtained as
• Ez = 60 sin (0.5 × 103x + 1.5 × 1011 t) V/m
Q- Name the following constituent radiation 0f
EM spectrum which
(i) Produce intense heating effect
(ii) is absorbed by the ozone layer of atmosphere.
(iii) Used for studying crystal structure.
(iv)Used in radar
(v) Taking photograph during night and foggy
condition
 Q-Name the part of em spectrum which is
• 1- Suitable for Radar system
• 2-Adjacent to lower frequency end of
electromagnetic spectrum
• 3- having wavelength (a) 10-11 to 10-14 m (b) 10-
3
m to 10-1m.
• 4- Produced by bombarding a metal target by
high speed electrons.
• 5- Used in eye surgery.