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Chapter 7 s 2025-
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PYTHON
FUNDAMENTAL

Computer Science
Class XI ( As per CBSE Board)

Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer Science 1

 Basics of Python
Programming
Structure of a python program

Program
|->Module -> main program
| -> functions
| ->libraries
|->Statements -> simple statement
| ->compound statement
|->expressions -> Operators
| -> expressions
|----objects ->data model

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 Python
Python 3.0 was released in basics
2008. Although
this
version is supposed to be backward incompatibles,
later on many of its important features have been
back ported to be compatible with version 2.7
Python Character Set
A set of valid characters recognized by python. Python
uses the traditional ASCII character set. The latest version
recognizes the Unicode character set. The ASCII character
set is a subset of the Unicode character set.
Letters :– A-Z,a-z
Digits :– 0-9
Special symbols :– Special symbol
available over keyboard
White spaces:– blank space,tab,carriage return,new line, form feed
Other characters:- Unicode

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Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer Science
 Input and
Output
var1=‘Computer Science'
var2=‘Informatics Practices'
print(var1,' and ',var2,' )
Output :-
Computer
Science and
Informatics
Practices
raw_input() Function In
Python allows a user to
give input to a program
from a keyboard but in
the form of string.
NOTE : raw_input() function is deprecated in python
3 e.g.
age = int(raw_input(‘enter your age’))
percentage = float(raw_input(‘enter percentage’))
input() Function In Python allows a user to give input to a program from
a keyboard but returns the value accordingly.
e.g. 4
Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Indentati
on
Indentation refers to the spaces applied at the beginning of a
code line. In other programming languages the indentation
in code is for readability only, where as the indentation in
Python is very important.
Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code or used
in block of codes.
E.g.1
if 3 > 2:
print(“Three is greater than two!") //syntax error due to not indented

E.g.2
if 3 > 2:
print(“Three is greater than two!") //indented so no error

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Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Token

Smallest individual unit in a program is

known as token.
1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Literals
4. Operators
5. Punctuators/Delimiters

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 Keyword

Reserve word of the compiler/interpreter

whicsh can’t be
and
used as identifier.
exec not

as finally or

assert for pass

break from print

class global raise

continue if return

def import try

del in while

elif is with

else lambda yield

except

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Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Identifiers
A Python identifier is a name used to identify a
variable, function, class, module or other object.
*An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or
an underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters,
underscores and digits (0 to 9).
* Python does not allow special characters
* Identifier must not be a keyword of Python.
*Python is a case sensitive programming language.
Thus, Rollnumber and rollnumber are two different
identifiers in Python.
Some valid identifiers : Mybook, file123, z2td,
date_2, _no
Some invalid identifier :
2rno,break,my.book,data-cs

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Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Identifiers-
continue
Some additional naming conventions
1. Class names start with an uppercase
letter. All other identifiers start with a
lowercase letter.
2. Starting an identifier with a single leading
underscore indicates that the identifier is
private.
3. Starting an identifier with two leading
underscores indicates a strong private
identifier.
4. If the identifier also ends with two trailing
underscores, the identifier is a language-
defined special name. 9
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 Literals
Literals in Python can be defined as number,
text, or other data that represent values to be
stored in variables.

Example of String Literals in

Python name = ‘Johni’ ,
fname =“johny”
Example of Integer Literals in Python(numeric
literal) age = 22
Example of Float Literals in Python(numeric
literal) height = 6.2
Example of Special Literals in
PythonVaibhav
name = None
Mishra , PGT Computer
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Escape sequence/Back slash character
Literals
constants Escape Sequence Description
\\ Backslash (\)

\' Single quote (')

\" Double quote (")

\a ASCII Bell (BEL)

\b ASCII Backspace (BS)

\f ASCII Formfeed (FF)

\n ASCII Linefeed (LF)

\r ASCII Carriage Return (CR)

\t ASCII Horizontal Tab (TAB)

\v ASCII Vertical Tab (VT)

\ooo Character with octal value ooo

\xhh Character with hex value hh

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 Operator
s that
Operators can be defined as symbols
are used to perform operations on operands.

Types of Operators
1.Arithmetic Operators.
2. Relational Operators.
3.Assignment Operators.
4. Logical Operators.
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Membership Operators
7. Identity Operators

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 Operators
1. Arithmetic Operators continue
ArithmeticOperators are used to perform
arithmetic operations like addition, multiplication,
division etc.
Operators Description Example

+ perform addition of two number x=a+b

- perform subtraction of two number x=a-b

/ perform division of two number x=a/b

* perform multiplication of two number x=a*b

% Modulus = returns remainder x=a%b

Floor Division = remove digits after the

// x=a//b
decimal point

** Exponent = perform raise to power x=a**b

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 Operator
e.g.
continue
Arithmatic operator continue

x=5
y=4
print('x + y
=',x+y) print('x
- y =',x-y)
print('x * y • Write a program in python to
=',x*y) print('x /
y =',x/y) print('x calculate the simple interest
// y =',x//y) based on entered amount ,rate
OUTPUT
print('x ** y and time
('x + y =',
=',x**y)
9)
('x - y =',
1)
('x * y =',
20)
('x / y =', 14
1) Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Operator
Arithmatic operator continue
continue
# EMI Calculator program in Python

def emi_calculator(p, r, t):

r = r / (12 * 100) # one month
interest t = t * 12 # one month
period
emi = (p * r * pow(1 + r, t)) /
(pow(1 + r, t) - 1)
return emi

# driver code
principal =
10000;
rate = 10;
time = 2;
emi = emi_calculator(principal, rate,
time); print("Monthly EMI is= ", emi) 15
Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Operator
Arithmatic operator continue
How to calculate GST continue
GST ( Goods and Services Tax ) which is included in
netprice of product for get GST % first need to calculate GST
Amount by subtract original cost from Netprice and then apply
GST % formula = (GST_Amount*100) / original_cost

# Python3 Program to compute GST from original and

net prices. def Calculate_GST(org_cost, N_price):
# return value after calculate GST%
return (((N_price - org_cost) * 100) / org_cost);

# Driver program to test

above functions
org_cost = 100
N_price = 120
print("GST = ",end='')
print(round(Calculate_GST(org_cost, N_price)),end='')
print("%")
* Write a Python program to calculate the standard
deviation
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Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Operators
continue
2. Relational Operators/Comparison Operator
Relational Operators are used to compare the
values.
Operators Description Example

== Equal to, return true if a equals to b a == b

!= Not equal, return true if a is not a != b

equals to b
Greater than, return true if a is
> a>b
greater than b

Greater than or equal to , return true

>= a >= b
if a is greater than b or a is equals to
b
< Less than, return true if a is less than a<b
b
Less than or equal to , return true
<= a <= b
if a is less than b or a is equals to
b

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Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Operator
continue
Comparison operators continue
e.g.
x = 101
y = 121
print('x > y is',x>y)
print('x < y is',x<y)
print('x == y is',x==y)
print('x != y is',x!=y)
print('x >= y is',x>=y)
print('x <= y is',x<=y)

Output
('x > y is', False)
('x < y is', True)
('x == y is', False)
('x != y is', True)
('x >= y is', False)
('x <= y is', True)
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Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Operators
continue
3. Augmented Assignment Operators
Used to assign values to the
variables.
Operators Description Example

= Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand a=b

+= Add 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a+=b

/= Divides 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a/=b

*= Multiply 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. A*=b

-= Subtracts 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. A-=b

%= modulus 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a%=b

//= Perform floor division on 2 numbers and assigns the result to left a//=b
operand.

**= calculate power on operators and assigns the result to left a**=b
operand.

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Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Operators
4. Logical Operators continue
Logical Operators are used to perform logical
operations on the given two variables or values.
Operators Description Example
return true if both
and x and y
condition are true
return true if either or
or x or y
both condition are true

not reverse the condition not(a>b)

a=30
b=20
if(a==30 and
b==20):
print('hello')

Output
20
:-
Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Operators
6. Membership Operators continue
The membership operators in Python are used to validate whether
a value is found within a sequence such as such as strings, lists, or
tuples.
Operators Description Example
in return true if value exists in the sequence, else false. a in list
return true if value does not exists in the sequence,
not in a not in list
else
false.
E.g.
a = 22
list = [22,99,27,31]
In_Ans = a in list
NotIn_Ans = a not in
list print(In_Ans)
print(NotIn_Ans)
Output :-
True
False 21
Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer Science
 Operatorscontinu
7. Identity Operators
ememory locations of
Identity operators in Python compare the
two objects.
Ope
Exa
rato Description
e.g. m
rs ple
a=
34 returns true if two variables
is a is b
point the same object, else
b=34
false
if (a
returns true if two variables a is
is b): is not
point the different object, not
print('both a and b has same else false b
identity') else:
print('a and b has different
identity') b=99
if (a is b):
print('both a and b has same
identity') else:
print('a and b has different
identity') Output :-
both a and b has same
identity a and b has
22
different identity
Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Operator
Operators Precedence :
continue
highest precedence to lowest precedence table. Precedence is used to
decide ,which operator to be taken first for evaluation when two or more
operators comes in an expression.
Operator Description
** Exponentiation (raise to the power)
~+- Complement, unary plus,minus(method names for the last two are+@and
-@)
* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division
+- Addition and subtraction
>> << Right and left bitwise shift
& Bitwise 'AND'td>
^| Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'
<= < > Comparison operators
>=
<> == != Equality operators
= %= Assignment operators
/= //= -
= += *=
**=
is is not Identity operators 23
Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Punctuators/
Delimiters
Used to implement the grammatical and
structure of a Syntax.Following are the python
punctuators.

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 Barebone of a
python
#function definition
program
comment
def keyArgFunc(empname,
print ("Emp Name: ", Functio
emprole):
empname) print ("Emp n indentati
Role: ", emprole) return; on
A= expression
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print("Calling in proper sequence")
keyArgFunc(empname = "Nick",emprole =
"Manager" ) print("Calling in opposite statemen
sequence") keyArgFunc(emprole = ts
"Manager",empname = "Nick")
A python program contain the following
components
a. Expression
b. Statement
c. Comments
d. Function
e. Block &n indentation 25
Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Barebone of a python
program
a. Expression : - which is evaluated and produce result. E.g. (20 +
4) / 4
b. Statement :- instruction that does something.
e.g
a = 20
print("Calling in proper sequence")
c. Comments : which is readable for programmer but ignored
by python interpreter
i. Single line comment: Which begins with # sign.
ii. Multi line comment (docstring): either write multiple line
beginning with # sign or use triple quoted multiple line. E.g.
‘’’this is my
first
python multiline
comment ‘’’
d.Function
a code that has some name and it can be reused.e.g.
keyArgFunc in above program
d. Block & indentation : group of statements is
block.indentation at same level create a block.e.g. all 3
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statement of keyArgFunc function
Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Variable
s
Variable is a name given to a memory location. A variable can
consider as a container which holds value. Python is a type infer
language that means you don't need to specify the datatype of
variable.Python automatically get variable datatype depending
upon the value assigned to the variable.
Assigning Values To Variable
name = ‘python' # String Data
a = 23
Type sum =#None # a variable
b = 6.2 value
without # Integer
sum = a Float
+ b print
(sum)
Multiple Assignment: assign a single value to many
variables
a = b = c = 1 # single value to multiple
variable a,b = 1,2 # multiple value to
multiple variable a,b = b,a # value of a
and b is swaped
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Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Variables
Variable Scope And Lifetime in Python
Program
1. Local Variable
def fun():
x=8
print(
x)

fun()
print(x)
#error will
be shown
2. Global
Variable
x=8
def fun():
print(
x) # 28
Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer
 Variable
Concept of L Value and R Value in variable
s
Lvalue and Rvalue refer to the left and right side
of the assignment operator. The Lvalue
(pronounced: L value) concept refers to the
requirement that the operand on the left side of
the assignment operator is modifiable, usually a
variable. Rvalue concept fetches the value of the
expression or operand on the right side of the
assignment operator. example:
amount = 390
The value 390 is pulled or fetched (Rvalue) and
stored into the variable named amount (Lvalue);
destroying the value previously stored in that
variable.
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 Dynamic
typing

Data type of a variable depend/change upon

the value assigned to a variable on each next
statement.
X = 25 # integer type
X = “python” # x variable data type change
to string on just next line
Now programmer should be aware that not to
write like
this:
Y = X / 5# error !! String cannot be devided

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 Constant
s
A constant is a type of variable whose value cannot be changed. It is
helpful to think of constants as containers that hold information which
cannot be changed later.
In Python, constants are usually declared and assigned in a
module. Here, the module is a new file containing variables,
functions, etc which is imported to the main file. Inside the module,
constants are written in all capital letters and underscores
separating the words.
Create a constant.py:
PI = 3.14

Create a main.py:
import constant
print(constant.PI)
Note: In reality, we can not create constants in Python. Naming them
in all capital letters is a convention to separate them from
variables, however, it does not actually prevent reassignment, so we
can change

it’s 31
Vaibhav Mishra , PGT Computer Science
 Input and
print() Function In Python is used to Output
print output on the
screen. of Print
Syntax - print(expression/
Function e.g. variable)
print(122)
Output :-
122
print('hello
India')
Output :-
print(‘Computer',‘Science')
hello
print(‘Computer',‘Science',sep='
India & ')
print(‘Computer',‘Science',sep=' &
',end='.')

Output :-
Computer Science
Computer &
Science Computer
&Vaibhav
Science. Mishra , PGT Computer Science 32