health and developmen

• Wider primary health care concepts suggests that broader

interventions, including community empowerment and anti-poverty
measures, are necessary to promote health.
 Different perspectives on health
• 1. Health as a right • Health is viewed by some as a right analogous to
justice or political freedom.
• Indeed the WHO constitution states that ‘…the enjoyment of the
highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of
every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief,
economic or social condition
• In part, this involves ensuring access to health care. • The government
is seen as having a responsibility to ensure this, comparable with its role
in ensuring equal justice. • According to such a view a government will
be particularly concerned with issues of equity in health and health
care.
• 2. Health as consumption good • For others health is seen as an
important individual objective • that is not comparable with justice,
but rather with material aspects of life. • Such a view often refers to
health as consumption good.
• Health as consumption good… • The government here has no special
responsibilities in the promotion of health, but leaves decisions as to
its comparative importance to individual consumers. • The role of the
state under such a view might be limited to ensuring that the health
care provided is of an adequate quality (such as ensuring professional
standards in the same way that it would monitor the quality of any
good or service, such as food).
• 3. Health as an investment • Health largely affects the productive
ability of the workforce. • Illness may affect overall production, either
through absenteeism or by lowering productivity through its
debilitating effects.
. Development
• • The modern view of development perceives it as both a physical reality and state of
mind in which society has, through some combination of social, economic and
institutional processes, secured the means for obtaining a better life.
• • Development in all societies must consist of at least the following three objectives:
• I. To increase the availability, distribution and accessibility of life-sustaining goods
• II. To raise standards of living
• III. To expand the range of economic and social opportunities and services to
individuals and communities 
• by freeing them from servitude and dependence on other people and communities
and from ignorance and human misery.
Growth and development Growth
• Growth • Development
• It is a process of becoming: • is a process in which something
• – larger or transforms (mostly positive) in to
a different stage or improves, it
• – longer or may be physical, mental, social
• – more numerous or or psychological.
• – more important; mostly a • Development encompasses the
physical change. total well-being of the individual
Quantitative change and community in health and
other aspects.
Economic development
• Refers to a raise in per-capita income and fundamental changes in
the structure of the economy characterized by:-
• 1.Rising share of industry, along with 
• the failing share of agriculture in GNP, and 
• increasing percentage of people who live in cities rather than the
countryside
....
• 2.Passing through periods of accelerating, then decelerating
population growth, during which the age structure of the country
changes dramatically
• 3.Changes in consumption patterns as people no longer spend all
their income on necessities but instead move on to consume durables
and eventually to leisure-time products and services.
...
• 4.Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meets their own needs (sustainability)
5.Participation (mainly) by the citizens of the country in the process as
well as the benefit While economic development and modern
economic growth involve much more than a rise in per capita income,
there can be no development without economic growth
 Gross National Product (GNP)
• • Is the sum of the value of finished goods and services
produced by a society during a given year and excludes
intermediate goods and counts only income earned by citizens.
• • Intermediate goods are goods that are ones used up to produce
other goods. GNP therefore includes bread, but not wheat; cars
but not steel.
• GNP can be measured using: 
• Consumption 
• Gross domestic investment 
• Government spending 
• Net exports
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

• • Is similar to GNP except that it count all income produced within

the borders of a country,
• – including income earned by foreigner residents,
• – but excludes income earned by citizens of the country who are
residents of abroad.
 What is poverty?
• • Poverty also called penury. – is deprivation of common necessities that
determine the quality of life, including food, clothing, shelter and safe
drinking water, and may also include the deprivation of opportunities to
learn, to obtain better employment to escape poverty, and/or to enjoy the
respect of fellow citizens
• Poverty Definitions…
• • The state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions
• • The state of living on less than $2.50 a day, (World Bank.)
• • Poverty can also represent a lack of opportunity and empowerment, and
bad quality of life in general.
 Types of Poverty
•  Many writers assert that there are two main types of poverty. These
are absolute poverty and relative poverty.
• Absolute poverty
• • With absolute poverty people generally do not have what they
need. They are short of basic foodstuff, shelter, clothing and adequate
or sufficient health care.
• • People in absolute poverty are unlikely to gain long-term benefit
from health services until their poverty is relieved.
• RELATIVE POVERTY • On the other hand just like beauty lies in the
eyes of the beholder, poverty may be viewed to be a subjective term
and what is poverty to someone may not be poverty to someone else.
• What is poverty under relative terms is viewed as being what some
people lack in relation to other people.
• • Under relative poverty measures, a mean level of income may be
established under which a person may be considered to be living in
poverty. Any one living above that level may be considered not to be
living in poverty.
• Poverty Generational vs Situational
• Generational poverty: families who have lived in poverty for at least two
generations.
• Situational Poverty: families that have fallen into poverty because of a
traumatic event such as illness or divorce, unemployment,
• Culture of Poverty
• • The culture of poverty concept is a social theory explaining the cycle of
poverty.
• • Based on the concept that the poor have a unique value system, the culture
of poverty theory suggests the poor remain in poverty because of their
adaptations to the burdens of poverty.
Human Development Index; UN
measuring tool
• HDI; The first Human Development Report (1990) introduced a new way of
measuring development by combining indicators of : 
life expectancy, 
educational attainment and 
 income into a composite human development index, the HDI
• The breakthrough for the HDI was the creation of a single statistic which was
to serve as a frame of reference for both social and economic development.
• The HDI sets a minimum and a maximum for each dimension, called
goalposts, and then shows where each country stands in relation to these
goalposts, expressed as a value between 0 and 1.
Indicators of Economic Development
• Development,Human Develpment Index,Growth and Other
measurements
• Growth versus Development
• • Economic growth may be one aspect of economic development but is
not the same
• Economic growth:
– A measure of the value of output of goods and services within a time
period
• Economic Development:
– A measure of the welfare of humans in a society
. Economic Growth
• Using measures of economic growth can give distorted pictures of
the level of income in a country – the income distribution is not taken
into account.
• • A small proportion of the population can own a large amount of the
wealth in a country. The level of human welfare for the majority could
therefore be very limited.
 Economic Growth
• • Using measures of economic performance in terms of the value of
income, expenditure and output
• GDP – The value of output produced within a country during a time
period
• GNP – The value of output produced within a country plus net
property income from abroad
• GDP/GNP per head/per capita – Takes account of the size of the
population
• Real GDP/GNP – Accounts for differences in price levels in different
countries