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Deep Learning Healthcare

The document discusses the transformative role of abundant biomedical data in healthcare, particularly through precision medicine and deep learning technologies. It highlights the challenges of analyzing complex, high-dimensional data and contrasts traditional machine learning with deep learning, which allows for end-to-end learning and improved feature extraction. The potential of deep learning to enhance predictive healthcare systems and integrate diverse data sources is emphasized, along with the need for advancements in data integration and interpretability.

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17 views10 pages

Deep Learning Healthcare

The document discusses the transformative role of abundant biomedical data in healthcare, particularly through precision medicine and deep learning technologies. It highlights the challenges of analyzing complex, high-dimensional data and contrasts traditional machine learning with deep learning, which allows for end-to-end learning and improved feature extraction. The potential of deep learning to enhance predictive healthcare systems and integrate diverse data sources is emphasized, along with the need for advancements in data integration and interpretability.

Uploaded by

sumukhagouri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Health care is coming to a new era where the abundant biomedical data are

playing more and more important roles.


• In this context, for example, precision medicine attempts to ‘ensure that the
right treatment is delivered to the right patient at the right time’ by taking
into account several aspects of patient’s data, including variability in
molecular traits, environment, electronic health records (EHRs) and lifestyle.
• The large availability of biomedical data brings tremendous opportunities
and challenges to health care research.
• In particular, exploring the associations among all the different pieces of
information in these data sets is a fundamental problem to develop reliable
medical tools based on data-driven approaches and machine learning.
• Gaining knowledge and actionable insights from complex, high-dimensional and
heterogeneous biomedical data remains a key challenge in transforming health
care. Various types of data have been emerging in modern biomedical research,
including electronic health records, imaging, -omics, sensor data and text, which
are complex, heterogeneous, poorly annotated and generally unstructured.
• Traditional data mining and statistical learning approaches typically need to first
perform feature engineering to obtain effective and more robust features from
those data, and then build prediction or clustering models on top of them.
• There are lots of challenges on both steps in a scenario of complicated data and
lacking of sufficient domain knowledge. The latest advances in deep learning
technologies provide new effective paradigms to obtain end-to-end learning
models from complex data.
Comparison between ANNs and deep architectures. While ANNs are usually composed
by three layers and one transformation toward the final outputs, deep learning
architectures are constituted by several layers of neural networks. Layer-wise
unsupervised pre-training allows deep networks to be tuned efficiently and to extract
deep structure from inputs to serve as higher-level features that are used to obtain
better predictions.
• Deep learning is different from traditional machine learning in how
representations are learned from the raw data.
• The major differences between deep learning and traditional artificial
neural networks (ANNs) are the number of hidden layers, their
connections and the capability to learn meaningful abstractions of the
inputs.
• In fact, traditional ANNs are usually limited to three layers and are
trained to obtain supervised representations that are optimized only
for the specific task and are usually not generalizable
• Differently, every layer of a deep learning system produces a representation of
the observed patterns based on the data it receives as inputs from the layer
below, by optimizing a local unsupervised criterion
• The key aspect of deep learning is that these layers of features are not
designed by human engineers, but they are learned from data using a general-
purpose learning procedure.
• Fig illustrates such differences at a high level: deep neural networks process the
inputs in a layer-wise nonlinear manner to pre-train (initialize) the nodes in
subsequent hidden layers to learn ‘deep structures’ and representations that
are generalizable. These representations are then fed into a supervised layer to
fine-tune the whole network using the backpropagation algorithm toward
representations that are optimized for the specific end-to-end task.
• The unsupervised pre-training breakthrough , new methods to
prevent overfitting , the use of general-purpose graphic processing
units to speedup computations and the development of high-level
modules to easily build neural networks (e.g. Theano [40], Caffe [41],
TensorFlow [42]) allowed deep models to establish as state-of-the-art
solutions for several tasks.
• Deep learning in high-throughput biology is used to capture the
internal structure of increasingly larger and high-dimensional data
sets (e.g. DNA sequencing, RNA measurements).
• Deep models enable the discovery of high-level features, improving
performances over traditional models, increasing interpretability and
providing additional understanding about the structure of the
biological data.
• The fastest growing types of data in biomedical research, such as EHRs, imaging, -omics
profiles and monitor data, are complex, heterogeneous, poorly annotated and generally
unstructured.
• Early applications of deep learning to biomedical data showed effective opportunities to
model, represent and learn from such complex and heterogeneous sources.
• State-of-the-art deep learning approaches need to be improved in terms of data
integration, interpretability, security and temporal modeling to be effectively applied to
the clinical domain.
• Deep learning can open the way toward the next generation of predictive health care
systems, which can scale to include billions of patient records and rely on a single holistic
patient representation to effectively support clinicians in their daily activities.
• Deep learning can serve as a guiding principle to organize both hypothesis-driven research
and exploratory investigation in clinical domains based on different sources of data.
Source https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6455466/pdf/bbx044.pdf

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