OBJECT ORIENTED

PROGRAMMING
• C++ is the most used and most popular programming language
developed by Bjarne Stroustrup. C++ is a high-level and object-
oriented programming language

• A high-level programming language is a programming language

designed to be easily understood and used by humans. It is
characterized by its abstraction from the details of the computer
hardware and its focus on expressing algorithms and logic in a
more natural and intuitive way.

• Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm

that organizes software design around objects and data, rather
than functions and logic. In an object-oriented programming
language, such as Java, Python, or C++, everything is treated as
an object, which can contain data (attributes or properties) and
code (methods or functions) that operate on the data.
 Procedural Oriented Programming Object-Oriented Programming

In procedural programming, the program is divided In object-oriented programming, the program is

into small parts called functions. divided into small parts called objects.

Procedural programming follows a top-down Object-oriented programming follows a bottom-up

approach. approach.

There is no access specifier in procedural Object-oriented programming has access specifiers like
programming. private, public, protected, etc.

Adding new data and functions is not easy. Adding new data and function is easy.

Procedural programming does not have any proper Object-oriented programming provides data hiding so
way of hiding data so it is less secure. it is more secure.

In procedural programming, overloading is not Overloading is possible in object-oriented

possible. programming.
What is C++?

• C++ is a most popular cross-platform programming

language which is used to create high-performance
applications and software like OS, Games, E-commerce
software, etc. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup,
as an extension of C language. C++ give a high level of
control over system resources and memory.
• It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in
1983 as an extension of the C programming language
Why Learn C++?

• C++ is one of the most used and popular programming languages.

• C++ is used in making operating systems, embedded systems, and
Graphical User Interfaces.
• It is an object-oriented programming language that implements all
the OOPs concepts such as Abstraction, Encapsulation, and
Inheritance, which gives a clear structure to programs and allows
code to be reused, lowering development costs and providing
security.
• It is portable and can be used to create applications that can be
adapted to multiple platforms.
• C++ is easy to learn so that you can choose it as your first
programming language.
• It makes programming easy for programmers to switch to C++
because its syntax is similar to C, Java, and C#
One of the key features of C++ is its ability to support low-level, system-level programming,
making it suitable for developing operating systems, device drivers, and other system
software.
 1. Object-oriented programming
• Object-oriented programming can be defined as a programming model which is based upon the

concept of objects. Objects contain data in the form of attributes and code in the form of methods. In

object-oriented programming, computer programs are designed using the concept of objects that

interact with the real world. Object-oriented programming languages are various but the most popular

ones are class-based, meaning that objects are instances of classes, which also determine their types.

• Eg-Java, C++, C#, Python,

• PHP, JavaScript, Ruby, Perl,
• Objective-C, Dart, Swift, Scala.
• Class
• Objects
• Encapsulation
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Abstraction
 2. Machine Independent

• A C++ executable is not platform-independent (compiled programs on

Linux won’t run on Windows), however, they are machine-
independent. Let us understand this feature of C++ with the help of an
example. Suppose you have written a piece of code that can run on
Linux/Windows/Mac OSx which makes the C++ Machine Independent but
the executable file of the C++ cannot run on different operating systems.
 3. Simple

• It is a simple language in the sense that programs can be

broken down into logical units and parts, has rich library
support and has a variety of data types. Also, the Auto Keyword
of C++ makes life easier.
Auto Keyword
• The idea of the auto keyword was to form the C++ compiler to
deduce the data type while compiling instead of making you
declare the data type every freaking time. Do keep in mind that
you cannot declare something without an initializer. There must
be some way for the compiler to deduce your type.
 Case-sensitive

• It is clear that C++ is a case-sensitive programming language. For example, cin is

used to take input from the input stream. But if the “Cin” won’t work. Other
languages like HTML and MySQL are not case-sensitive languages.

• Compiler Based
• C++ is a compiler-based language, unlike Python. That is C++ programs used to
be compiled and their executable file is used to run them. C++ is a relatively
faster language than Java and Python.
• Dynamic Memory Allocation
• When the program executes in C++ then the variables are allocated the
dynamical heap space. Inside the functions, the variables are allocated in the
stack space. Many times, We are not aware in advance how much memory is
needed to store particular information in a defined variable and the size of
required memory can be determined at run time.
 C C++

1) C follows the procedural style C++ is multi-paradigm. It supports

programming. both procedural and object oriented.
2) Data is less secured in C. In C++, you can use modifiers for class
members to make it inaccessible for
outside users.
3) C follows the top-down approach. C++ follows the bottom-up approach.

4) C does not support function overloading. C++ supports function overloading.

5) In C, you can't use functions in structure. In C++, you can use functions in structure.

6) C does not support reference variables. C++ supports reference variables.

7) In C, scanf() and printf() are mainly used C++ mainly uses stream cin and cout to
for input/output. perform input and output operations.

8) Operator overloading is not possible in C. Operator overloading is possible in C++.

9) C programs are divided into procedures C++ programs are divided into functions
and modules and classes.
10 C does not provide the feature of C++ supports the feature of namespace.
) namespace.
11 Exception handling is not easy in C. It has to C++ provides exception handling using Try
) perform using other functions. and Catch block.
12 C does not support the inheritance. C++ supports inheritance
 History of C++
• C++ was initially known as “C with classes, ” and was renamed C++ in 1983.
• ++ is shorthand for adding one to variety in programming; therefore C++
roughly means that “one higher than C.”

• Applications of C++:
C++ finds varied usage in applications such as:
• Operating Systems & Systems Programming. e.g. Linux-based OS (Ubuntu etc.)
• Browsers (Chrome & Firefox)
• Graphics & Game engines (Photoshop, Blender, Unreal-Engine)
• Database Engines (MySQL, MongoDB, Redis etc.)
• Cloud/Distributed Systems
1st C++ program
Line 1: "#include<iostream>" - this
whole text is called a header file.
iostream" is the name of a library,
added to our program.
The iostream library helps us to get
input data and show output data.
std::cout<<" hello world";' - In this
line of code "std" is a namespace, "::"
is the scope resolution operator and
"cout<<" is a function which is used
to output data, "hello world“
<<- Insertion operator or put to
operator
Procedural oriented programming
Problem: As we have global data in POP , the transfer of data is more in
POP. Due to transfer of data the data becomes less secure. Any function
can update global data
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
 CLASS

The building block of C++ that leads to Object-Oriented programming is a Class. It is a user-
defined data type, which holds its own data members and member functions, which can be
accessed and used by creating an instance of that class

• For Example: Consider the Class of Cars. There may be many cars with different names and
brands but all of them will share some common properties like all of them will have 4 wheels,
Speed Limit, Mileage range, etc. So here, the Car is the class, and wheels, speed limits, and
mileage are their properties.

• example of class Car, the data member will be speed limit, mileage, etc and member
functions can apply brakes, increase speed, etc.
 Object
• An Object is an identifiable entity with some characteristics and behavior. An
Object is an instance of a Class. When a class is defined, no memory is
allocated but when it is instantiated (i.e. an object is created) memory is
allocated.
 Encapsulation

• In normal terms, Encapsulation is defined as wrapping up data and information under a

single unit
• Encapsulation is defined as binding together the data and the functions that manipulate
them. Consider a real-life example of encapsulation, in a company, there are different
sections like the accounts section, finance section, sales section, etc.
Encapsulation also leads to data abstraction or data hiding. Using encapsulation also hides
the data. In the above example, the data of any of the sections like sales, finance, or accounts
are hidden from any other section.
 Abstraction
• Data abstraction is one of the most essential and important features of
object-oriented programming in C++. Abstraction means displaying only
essential information and hiding the details. Data abstraction refers to
providing only essential information about the data to the outside world,
hiding the background details or implementation. Consider a real-life example
of a man driving a car. The man only knows that pressing the accelerator will
increase the speed of the car or applying brakes will stop the car but he does
not know how on pressing the accelerator the speed is actually increasing, he
does not know about the inner mechanism of the car or the implementation
of an accelerator, brakes, etc. in the car. This is what abstraction is.
 POLYMORPHISM

• The word “polymorphism” means having many forms. In simple words, we can
define polymorphism as the ability of a message to be displayed in more than
one form.

• Types of Polymorphism:
• Compile-time Polymorphism
• Runtime Polymorphism
 Inheritance

• The capability of a class to derive properties and characteristics from another

class is called Inheritance. Inheritance is one of the most important features of
Object-Oriented Programming.
• Example: Dog, Cat, Cow can be Derived Class of Animal Base Class.
 Data types
• C++ supports the following data types:
1.Primary or Built-in or Fundamental data type
2.Derived data types
3.User-defined data types
 Data Types in C++ are Mainly Divided into 3 Types:

1. Primitive Data Types: These data types are built-in or predefined data types
and can be used directly by the user to declare variables. example: int, char, float,
bool, etc. Primitive data types available in C++ are:
• Integer
• Character
• Boolean
• Floating Point
• Double Floating Point
• Valueless or Void
• Wide Character
2. Derived Data Types: Derived data types that are derived from the primitive or
built-in datatypes are referred to as Derived Data Types. These can be of four types
namely:
• Function
• Array
• Pointer
• Reference
3. Abstract or User-Defined Data Types: Abstract or User-Defined data types are
defined by the user itself. Like, defining a class in C++ or a structure. C++ provides the
following user-defined datatypes:
• Class
• Structure
• Union
• Enumeration
• Typedef defined Datatype
 void

• Uses of void:
• To specify the return type of function which is not returning anything
• to indicate empty list to a function . Eg-Void func19(void);
• Another intresting use of void is to create generic pointer eg- void *gp;
 Cout
• The cout object in C++ is an object of class iostream. It is defined in iostream header file.
It is used to display the output to the standard output device i.e. monitor. It is associated
with the standard C output stream stdout. The data needed to be displayed on the
screen is inserted in the standard output stream (cout) using the insertion operator(<<).

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Driver Code
int main()
{
// Print standard output
// on the screen
cout << "Welcome to GFG";
return 0;
}
 Cin
• The cin object in C++ is an object of class iostream. It is used to accept the input from the standard input device i.e. keyboard. It is

associated with the standard C input stream stdin. The extraction operator(>>) is used along with the object cin for reading

inputs. The extraction operator (>>)extracts the data from the object cin which is entered using the keyboard.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Driver Code
int main()
{
string s;

// Take input using cin

cin >> s;
// Print output
cout << s;
return 0;
 CASCADING I/O opeartor
• The multiple use of << in one statement is called cascading.
Eg- cout<<“Sum=“<<sum<<“\n” ;

cout<<“Sum=“<< sum <<“\n”

<<“ Average=“ << average <<“\n”;
Eg -cout<<“ Sum=“<< sum << “,”
<< “ Average=“<< average<< “\n”;
Output will be:
Sum=14, average = 7
CASCADING I/O opeartor
• Cin>> number1 >> number 2
 Standard end line (endl)
The endl is a predefined object of ostream class. It is used to insert a new line characters and flushes the
stream.
Let's see the simple example of standard end line (endl):

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
cout << "C++ Tutorial";
cout << " Javatpoint"<<endl;
cout << "End of line"<<endl;
}
 C++ Identifiers

• C++ identifiers in a program are used to refer to the name of

the variables, functions, arrays, or other user-defined data
types created by the programmer. They are the basic
requirement of any language. Every language has its own rules
for naming the identifiers

• Constants
• Variables
• Functions
• Labels
• Defined data types
A keyword is a reserved word. You cannot use it as a variable name, constant name
etc.
A list of 32 Keywords in C++ Language which are also available in C language
are given below.
auto break case char const conti defau do
nue lt
doubl else enum exter float for goto if
e n
int long regist retur short signe sizeof static
er n d
struct switc typed union unsig void volati while
h ef ned le
asm dynamic_c namespace reinterpret_ bool
ast cast
A list of 30 Keywords in C++
explicit new static_cast false catch
Language which are not
available in C language are operator template friend private class
given below. this inline public throw const_cast
delete mutable protected true try
typeid typename using virtual wchar_t
Storage class in C++
 Symbolic constant
• There are two ways of carting symbolic constants:
1) Using the qualifier const
2) Defining a set of integer constant using enum keyword
Eg – const int size= 10;
Char name[size];
Declaration of variables