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Signal Conditioning

The document discusses signal conditioning, which is essential for converting electrical signals from transducers for data acquisition systems. It covers key functions such as amplification, isolation, and filtering, detailing their importance and methods. Additionally, it provides examples and explanations of various filter types and configurations used in signal processing.

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abrahem12334a
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10 views21 pages

Signal Conditioning

The document discusses signal conditioning, which is essential for converting electrical signals from transducers for data acquisition systems. It covers key functions such as amplification, isolation, and filtering, detailing their importance and methods. Additionally, it provides examples and explanations of various filter types and configurations used in signal processing.

Uploaded by

abrahem12334a
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Saba University Interfacing &Data Acquisition(ELC478)

Faculty of Engineering 4th Level


Department of Electrical
Engineering
Mechatronics Engineering Program

Interfacing and Data Acquisition

LAB 3 - signal conditioning

Eng. Anas Khodayf


Signal Conditioning
Signal conditioning is the term generally used to describe the front
end pre-processing required to convert the electrical signals received
from transducers into signals which DAQ plug-in boards or other forms
of data acquisition hardware can accept.
Signal Conditioning
➢The fundamental functions that a signal conditioning
equipment performs are:
• Amplification
• Isolation
• Filtering
• Excitation
• Linearization
Amplification
Performs two important functions:
1- Increases the resolution of the signal measurement.
2- Increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

1- Increases the resolution of the signal measurement.


• ADC input range.
• Amplification versus Attenuation.
Amplification
2- Increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
• Compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background
noise.
• Expressed in decibels.
• Position of amplifier relative to sensor ??(to get higher SNR)
Amplification
Examples:
A J-type thermocouple, which outputs a very low-level voltage signal that varies
by about 50 µV/ºC. if the thermocouple leads were to travel through a noisy
electrical environment for 10 m, and the amount of noise coupled onto the
thermocouple leads could be of the order of 200 µV.
Find:
1- SNR of the signal ?
2- SNR, if we Amplifying the signal with an amplifier gain of 500 ?
Solution:
1- (-12.04 decibels).

2- (41.93 decibels).
Amplification
➢Inverting Operational Amplifier.
➢Non-inverting Operational Amplifier.
Isolation
➢Isolation blocks high-voltage surges and rejects high common-mode
voltage and thus protects both the user or expensive measurement
equipment.
➢Isolation pass the signal from its source to the measurement device
without a physical connection by using:
- Opto-Coupler isolation.
- Magnetic Isolation.
- Capacitive Isolation.
Isolation
Opto-Coupler isolation
➢Opto-isolation is primarily used for digital signals.
Isolation
Magnetic and Capacitive Isolation.
• Magnetic and capacitive isolations are used for analog signals, modulating the
signal to convert it from a voltage to a frequency and transmitting the frequency
signal across a transformer or capacitor without a direct physical connection
before being converted back to a voltage.
Signal Conditioning - Filtering
 Often we use filters to remove unwanted noise from signal measurements.
 Filters mainly are of two types:
1- Analog filter:
- Passive filters.
- Active filters
2- Digital filter:
- Infinite impulse response (IIR)
- Finite impulse response (FIR)
Signal Conditioning - Filtering
 Most often, Filters means to remove some frequencies or frequency bands.
 Ideally, filters should eliminate all data at frequencies outside the specified frequency
range, providing a very sharp transition between the frequencies that are passed and
those that are filtered out. Most practical filters are not ideal and do not usually eliminate
all the undesirable amplitude components outside a specified frequency range.

Ideal filter response Practical filter response


Signal Conditioning - Filtering
Attributes common to filters are:
 Cut-off frequency:
This is the transition frequency at which the filter takes effect,
and is usually defined as the frequency at which the normalized gain drops 3 dB below
unity.
Signal Conditioning - Filtering
Attributes common to filters are:
 Roll-off:
The slope of the amplitude versus the frequency graph at the region of the cut-off
frequency.
 The roll-off is usually measured on a logarithmic scale in units of decibels (dB):
- decibels per decade (dB/decade), where a decade is a 10-times increase in
frequency.
Signal Conditioning - Filtering
Attributes common to filters are:
 Quality factor ‘Q’
This variable determines the gain of the filter at its resonant frequency, as well as the
roll-off of the transfer characteristic, on either side of the resonant frequency.
Signal Conditioning – Filtering
Types of analog filters according to passband and stopband:

1- Low pass filter.


2- High pass filter.
3- Band pass (selective) filter.
4- Band stop (notch) filters.
Signal Conditioning – Filtering
Low pass filter:
Pass low frequency components of the signal and filter out high frequency
components above a specific high frequency.
Signal Conditioning – Filtering
Low pass filter:
Pass low frequency components of the signal and filter out high frequency
components above a specific high frequency.
Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter
• Sallen-Key is one of the most common configurations for a second order (two-pole) filter.
• There are two low-pass RC circuits that provide a roll-off of -40 dB/decade above fc
(assuming a Butterworth characteristics).
• One RC circuit consists of RA and CA, and the second circuit consists of RB and CB.

 For RA = RB = R and CA = CB = C,
thus the critical frequency :
Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter
• Example:
for the given circuit, find the frequency response, the Gain, and Quality factor.

330pF

22k Ω 22k Ω
330pF  For RA = RB = R and CA = CB = C,
10k Ω
thus the critical frequency :
17k Ω
Thank You,,

Any Questions?
[email protected]

References:
• Eng. Mohammed Doba, Lecture Notes
• Eng. Esmail Qasabah

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