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6) Applications of Mod + ISBN

The document discusses elementary number theory, focusing on properties of congruence relations and modular arithmetic. It includes various problems and solutions illustrating the application of these concepts, particularly in calculating units digits and check digits for ISBNs. Additionally, it highlights the significance of modular arithmetic in theoretical and applied mathematics, including cryptography and error detection in international standards.

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16 views25 pages

6) Applications of Mod + ISBN

The document discusses elementary number theory, focusing on properties of congruence relations and modular arithmetic. It includes various problems and solutions illustrating the application of these concepts, particularly in calculating units digits and check digits for ISBNs. Additionally, it highlights the significance of modular arithmetic in theoretical and applied mathematics, including cryptography and error detection in international standards.

Uploaded by

akshitdiscord
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Let us get into some of …

Elementary Number Theory

Neha Gupta, PhD


Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics
Shiv Nadar University

1
Properties of Congruence
relation:
Theorem: Let m be a positive integer. The integers a and b are congruent
modulo m if and only if there is an integer k such that a = b + km.

Theorem: Let m be a positive integer. If


a  b (mod m) and
c  d (mod m), then

i) a + c  b + d (mod m) and
ii) ac  bd (mod m).

2
Properties of Modular arithmetic:

1. [(a mod n) + (b mod n)] mod n = (a + b) mod n


2. [(a mod n) - (b mod n)] mod n = (a - b) mod n
3. [(a mod n) x (b mod n)] mod n = (a x b) mod n
Exponentiation
Exponentiation is done by repeated multiplication, as in
ordinary arithmetic.
Problem 1 :
Suppose we want to find the units digit of the following sum:

Solution : We could find their sum, which is 8221 and conclude that the units
,

digit is 1 However, we could find the units digit with far less calculation.
.

Solution using modular arithmetic


We can simply add the units digits of the addends:

And, we extract them using remainder after dividing by 10.

So,
Problem 2: Find the remainder when the
difference between 60002 and 601 is divided by
6.
Solution :
Problem 3:

• Solution : This can also be stated as


First, lets calculate a few powers of 7 : • 71 = 7 • 75 = 16807
• 72 = 49 • 76 = 117649
• 73 = 343 • 77 = 823543
• 74 = 2401 • 78 = 5764801, etc…

Analyze the pattern here. The last digit of powers of 7 repeats in the pattern [7,9,3,1],
[7,9,3,1].. So, we can generalize this as:
last digit of 74m+1 is 7, last digit of 74m+2 is 9 ,
last digit of 74m+3 is 3, and last digit of 74m is 1.
• Now, in modular arithmetic, 7 = (1)4 + 3
3 = (0)4 + 3
7 ___ mod 4 -1 = (-1)4 + 3
7 3 mod 4 -5 = (-2)4 + 3
7 -1 mod 4 Also, 7 -5 mod 4
Hence,
71000 (-1)1000 (mod 4)
(1) (mod 4)
1 (mod 4) (remainder is 1 when divided by 4)
That is, 71000 = 4m + 1
From prev slide,
the last digit of 7 4m+1 is 7,
the last digit of 7 4m+2 is 9
the last digit of 7 4m+3 is 3, and
the last digit of 7 4m is 1.
7
= the last digit of 74m+1 = .
Hence, the last digit of
Problem 4: What are the tens and units
digits of
• Solution: We begin by writing down the first few powers of 7 (mod 100)

• Which means,
• 74m+1 (mod 100) = 07 and 74m+2 (mod 100) = 49
• 74m+3 (mod 100) = 43 and 74m+0 (mod 100) = 01

Now 1942 = (485)4 + 2, so


mod 100

• Hence, tens and units digits are 4 and 9 respectively .


The last digit of powers(2,3,4,1) of
1 to 9 :
Problem 5 : Can you find a number that is both a multiple of 2 but not a multiple of
4 and a perfect square?

Solution : If the required number n is not a multiple of 4, then it must


be one of these forms : 4m + 1, 4m + 2, 4m + 3, for some integer m.

Further, the required number n is a multiple of 2, so the only form it


can be is 4m + 2. (-ie- n = 4m + 2, which implies that n mod 4 = 2)

Lastly, this number n is a perfect square, which means n = 4m + 2 = x2 ,


for some integer x.
Now x when divided by 4, can have four options for remainders: 0,1,2,3
• Lets work with all the cases:

• Thus, n = x2 is never going to be 2 mod 4. This assures us that it is


impossible to find such a number!
Summary of useful facts:
Applications of Modular
Arithmetic
• Simplifying Extensive Calculations
• theoretical mathematics : modular arithmetic is one of the foundations of number theory;
• It is also used extensively in group theory, ring theory, knot theory, and abstract algebra;
• Applied mathematics: it is used in computer algebra, computer science, chemistry and
the visual and musical arts.
• Cryptography
• Directly Underpins Public Key Systems such as RSA and Diffie-Hellman
• Provides Finite Fields which Underlie Elliptic Curves
• Used in Symmetric Key Algorithms – AES, IDEA, RC4
• A very practical application : International Standard Book Number (ISBN) uses modulo 11 or
modulo 10 (if issued after 1 January, 2007) arithmetic for error detection.
Likewise, International Bank Account Numbers (IBANs), make use of modulo 97 arithmetic to
spot user input errors in bank account numbers.
ISBN bar code

• To maintain global standards for business communication.


• Products can be scanned electronically.
International Standard Book Number
(ISBN)
• An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprinting's) of
a book.
• For example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the
same book would each have a different ISBN.
• The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10
digits long if assigned before 2007.
• An International Standard Book Number consists of 4 parts (if it is a 10
digit ISBN) or 5 parts (for a 13 digit ISBN):
ISBN-10 Check Digit
• A check digit is a form of redundancy check used for error detection.
• It consists of a single digit computed from the other digits in the number.
• For an ISBN-10 check digit, x1 … x10 we have

• It is also true for ISBN-10 that the sum of all the ten digits, each multiplied by its weight
in ascending order from 1 to 10, is also a multiple of 11

• For example, for an ISBN-10 of 0-306-40615-2


Problem :
Calculate the check digit s for an ISBN-10 of 0-306-40615-s.
Solution :

Alternatively,

Note : The value of the check digit (x10) required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if
so, an 'X' should be used
ISBN-13 check digit calculation
• The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from
0 to 9
• Procedure : Each digit of the ISBN, from left to right, is alternately multiplied
by 1 or 3, then those products are summed modulo 10 to give a value
ranging from 0 to 9
• Formally, using modular arithmetic, we can say that
ISBN-10 to ISBN-13 conversion

• The conversion is quite simple as one only needs to prefix "978" to


the existing number and then calculate the new checksum using the
ISBN-13 algorithm.
Find missing ISBN digit
Rough Sheet
Multiples of 11:
ISBN code = 01985_8030 198
209
Solution : 220
231
We have 242
253
0 1 9 8 5 x 8 0 3 0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 205 + 5.0 = 205
205 + 5.1 = 210
205 + 5.2 = 215
205 + 5.3 = 220
This gives us
0 + 9 + 72 + 56 + 30 + 5x + 32 + 0 + 6 + 0 = 205 + 5x = multiple of 11

Hence x = 3
End of slide
Components of ISBN
• for a 13-digit ISBN, a prefix element – so far 978 or 979 have
been made available by GS1,
• the registration group element (language-sharing country
group, individual country or territory),
• the registrant element,
• the publication element, and
• A checksum character or a check digit
GS-1
• GS1 is a non profit organisation that develops and maintains global standards for
business communication.
• The best known of these standards is the barcode, a symbol printed on products that
can be scanned electronically
• making it easier for products to be tracked, processed, and stored.

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