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Introduction To Switching

The document provides an introduction to switching in telephony, detailing the components and processes involved in telephone communication, including the transmission of human speech and the essential apparatus used. It covers the history and evolution of telephone technology, including the transition from rotary dials to push-button and touch-tone systems, as well as the principles of automatic switching and the structure of telephone exchanges. Key topics include the functioning of selectors, trunking diagrams, and numbering schemes in automatic exchanges.

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18 views31 pages

Introduction To Switching

The document provides an introduction to switching in telephony, detailing the components and processes involved in telephone communication, including the transmission of human speech and the essential apparatus used. It covers the history and evolution of telephone technology, including the transition from rotary dials to push-button and touch-tone systems, as well as the principles of automatic switching and the structure of telephone exchanges. Key topics include the functioning of selectors, trunking diagrams, and numbering schemes in automatic exchanges.

Uploaded by

sonickillerb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO SWITCHING

Telephony 2001-01
Chapters
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Telephone Working
• 3 Human speech and its transmission in
Telephony
• 4 Essential Apparatus
• 5 Telephone Lines
• 6 The Dial
• 7 Push button Telephone
Chapters Cont.
• 8 History
• 9 Touch-tone
• 10 Features
• 11 Principal of automatic switching
• 12 Selectors
• 13 The Uniselector
• 14 Trunking Diagram
• 15 Number scheme in Automatic Exchanges
• 16 A simple 10 Line Exchange
1. Introduction
Telecommunication can be subdivided into four
specialities:
 External Plant (Access Network)
 Switching
 Transmission
 Data and IT
Switching takes the centre stage

Switching is the connection of an input circuit


with an output circuit going to the destination
requested by the customer.
2. Telephone Working
• Telephone provides a means of sending information through human
speeches when required between two persons situated at a distance
apart and in line telephony the information is send through the
medium of line conductors between them.
• When any customer speaks into the transmitter of his telephone set,
his speech is converted into oscillatory electrical current and this
current is send through lines to the other customer’s telephone set
where it is reconverted into speech sounds by the receiver. Two
separate line conductors are necessary for transmission of telephone
signals for every customer and hence there are as many pairs of line
conductors as the total number of customers. All these line conductors
from different customers’ premises are connected at a place known as
the telephone Exchange.
• Speech currents carry the major information between customers, but
other types of currents known as signalling currents are also necessary
in a telephone system to carry information between customers.
3. Human Speech and its Transmission in
Telephone
• Human speeches consists of a large number
of frequency components of different values
from about 300Herzts to 3400Herzts having
different amplitudes with different phase
relations between them.
• In telephone Transmission there are three
distinct parts namely:
Conversion of Speech
Transmission of Speech currents
Conversion of Electrical currents
3.Human Speech and its Transmission in Telephony

• The telephone transmitter and receiver must be such


that the conversion from speech sounds into electrical
currents and vice versa must be perfect i.e. there
should be no frequency distortions, no amplitude
distortions and no phase distortions in the process.
• Further during transmission through lines none of
these distortions should be introduced. If none of these
distortions are introduced at any stage, then only we
can expect to get an exact reproduction of speech
sound at the receiving end. That is why superior types
of apparatus are necessary for use as transmitters and
receivers and they are designed from these points of
view.
Essential Apparatus
At the customer’s end:

Telephone Handset comprising of:


 Transmitter
 Receiver
 The bell
Basic telephone terminal
A basic phone can be
made by using just
four units
The bell
The hook switch
The keypad
The speech circuit
Modern keypads use dual-tone dialing
The speech circuit adapts
voice levels and isolates
mic and speaker
Essential Apparatus
At the Exchange

 MDF (Main Distribution Frame)


 SLC (Subscriber’s Line Circuit)
5. Telephone Lines
In telephony two lines are necessary for sending speech
currents.

Further, in ordinary telephony each customer has his


own separate pair of lines extended from the exchange
to his premises. In very big exchange, therefore, a very
large number of lines all connected to the exchange
and this is done with the help of telephone cables each
having a large number of pairs of insulated conductors.

Telephone cables may be laid underground (UG) or


hung in air (ADC).
6. The Dial

Fig 1
DECADIC Dialing
In a Decadic Pulse Dialing, also called Loop
Disconnect Dialing, a Direct-Current Pulse
Train, representing each Digit, is produced by
interrupting a continuous Signal according to
a defined Ratio. Figure 1 shows a Decadic
Pulse Telephone.
A Decadic Pulse Telephone is equipped with a
Rotary Dial with a Finger Plate over it. The
Rotary Dial is designed to send Electrical
Pulses.
The Dial
 The dial therefore is a form of automatic
transmitter by means of which the signals
corresponding to any digit from 0 to 9 may
be transmitted to line automatically under
the control of the customer.
 The number of pulses being equal to the
number dialled, i.e. one to nine for the
digits 1 to 9 and ten for 0.
 The standard duration of a break period
66 2/3ms, that of the make period is 33
1/3ms.
7. Push-button Telephone
The push-button telephone is a telephone
that has push-buttons or keys, and which
eventually replaced rotary dial telephones
that were first used in 1891.
The first publicly-available push-button
telephone was released in 1963, by the
Bell System. They were first made available
in the towns of Carnegie and Greensburg,
Pennsylvania.
8. History
In the 1950s, AT&T conducted extensive
studies, and concluded that push-button
dialling was much faster than rotary dialling.
On November 18, 1963, the first electronic
push-button system, with Touch-Tone dialling,
was offered by Bell Telephones to AT&T
customers.
History
The first push-button
phone, the Western
1500, had only ten
buttons. A twelve-
button model
featuring the
asterisk/star (*) and
pound/hash (#) keys
was released soon
afterwards,
Fig 2
replacing the earlier
model.
9.Touch-tone
 Utilises Dual-tone multi-frequency signalling.
 Touch-tone technology was first made
available in 1963.
 Has additional keys to accommodate various
additional services and customer controlled
calling features.
Dual-tone Dialling
10. Features
 Last Number redial (LNR)
 Storage of commonly called numbers
 Caller Identification
 Retrieval of information and data or code and
PIN entry.
 Internet based telecommunications such as
VoIP
 Mute
 Tone or Pulse Dialling
 Volume adjustments
11. Principles of Automatic Switching
In automatic telephone exchanges the switching operations are
performed under control signals send from the user’s installation.

In strowger type automatic exchanges, switching is done using


wiper-type switches, usually called selectors. These are operated
as appropriate under control either directly or indirectly of the
pulses send out from the calling customer’s dial.

When selectors are pulse operated, the drive is provided by use


of a pawl and ratchet arrangement. The ratchet is driven to by
the pawl which is operated by an electromagnet, the ratchet
being moved forward by one tooth or step for each operation of
an electromagnet armature.
Principles of Automatic Switching Cont.
For this reason, automatic switching systems
operating on this principle are known as step-
by-step selection.

In a four digit number, the first digit indicates


thousands, the second digit hundreds, the
third digit tens, and the fourth digit units.
Principles of Automatic Switching Cont.
Suppose, for example, in an exchange having
several thousand customers a call is to be
made to a customer having the number 3106.
When the calling customer dials 3, the
thousands group selector will operate to
connect the caller’s line through to the 3000-
3999 group of customers. The following digit
1 will cause the hundreds group selectors to
connect the caller to the 3100-3199 group of
customers and the tens and units digits 0 and
6 will select customer 3106 out of this group.
12. Selectors
The basic selector of the step-by-step system is
known as a two motion selector. It has a set of
contact arms called wipers which are fixed to a
vertical carriage which can be raised vertically
and can also be rotated. The carriage may be
raised from 1 to 10 steps. The wipers may in
effect, therefore take up any one of 100 positions
and the arrangements allow the circuit connected
to the wipers to be connected to any one of the
100 outlets. Generally there are three contacts per
circuit corresponding to negative, positive and p
wire in an automatic exchange.
13. The Uniselector
This selector has only
rotary motion. The
bank contacts are
arranged in an arc,
there being from 3 to
10 arcs, depending on
the requirements.
Commonly there are
25 contacts in each
arc, but for
explanatory purposes
Fig 3
few may be shown
14. Trunking Diagram

Fig 4
Trunking Diagram
This is a system of straight
line diagram showing
selected mechanism and their
interconnections. Only a few
customers are used for
simplicity.
15. Numbering Scheme in Automatic
Exchanges
In automatic telephone systems, each
customer is given a number. In 10 line
exchange, each customer is given a single
digit number; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 0. In
100 line exchange, each customer is given a
two digit number from 11 to 00. In a 1000
line exchange, each customer is given a 3
digit number from 111 to 000. If the capacity
of the exchange is more than 1000 up-to 10
000, each customer is given a 4 digit number
from 1111 to 0000.
16. A simple 10 Line Exchange
Trunking Diagram

Fig 5
Trunking Diagram
The trunking diagram of a 10 line auto
exchange is shown in Fig. 5. each customer is
given a single digit number from 1 to 0. Each
telephone is terminated at the exchange on a
relay group which contains all the necessary
apparatus for the control of the switch
mechanisms and for various other functions
such as testing, switching, return of tones
etc. The similar numbered bank contacts of
all the selectors are inter-connected and also
returned to the customer’s line.
Trunking Diagram
When the customer No. 1 wants to call customer No.
3 he dials number 9 in his dial switch. The dial
produces 3 pulses and these pulses operate the
wiper of the selector connected to customer No.1.
The wiper moves over to bank contact No. 3. You will
notice this bank contact No. 3 already connected to
customer No. 3. Thus the connection is established.

In bigger exchanges we use many selectors and they


are grouped as first group selectors, second group
selectors etc. But the principle of switching is the
same as explained before.

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