Computer Network

 A computer network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of

sharing resources. The most common resource shared today is connection to the
Internet. Other shared resources can include a printer or a file server. The
Internet itself can be considered a computer network.

OR

 A computer network, or data network, is a digital telecommunications network

which allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks, computing
devices exchange data with each other using connections between nodes
OR

 A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic
communications
COMPUTER NETWORK
COMPUTER NETWORK
 NEEDS OF CN

 File/Folder Sharing
 Hardware Sharing (Resource sharing)
 Application sharing
 User Communication (Email, Remote Access)
 Communication
 Data protection (DATA BACKUP)
 USES OF CN

1.Resource Sharing

2. High Reliability

3.Saving Money

4.Access to Remote Information

5.Person to Person Communication

6.Server-Client model

7.eCommerce
 APPLICATION OF CN

 Email programs

 File transfer protocol (FTP) : DOWNLOADING & UPLOADING

 Video Conferencing

 Chatting

 FILE SHARING

 PRINTER SHARING

 REMOTE ACCESS
 ADVANTAGES/ BENEFITS OF CN

 SHARING OF INFORMATION

 SHARING RESOURCES

 CENTRALIZED MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES

 BACKING UP OF DATA
 ADVANTAGES/ BENEFITS OF CN
 SHARING OF INFORMATION :

1) Computer networking allows individuals and businesses to share

information freely with one another

2) This information can be in several different formats. From files to emails,

or blog posts to instant messaging

3) you can easily share data between different users, or access it remotely if
you keep it on other connected devices

4) Imagine the difference of sending a letter through a postal service to

sending the same letter through email and that is the advantage a
computer network provides.
 ADVANTAGES/ BENEFITS OF CN
 SHARING RESOURCES :

1) Resource sharing means the existing resources in a computing system

can be accessed or remotely accessed across multiple administrative

domains

2)This technology is very important, especially for large businesses that need

to produce huge numbers of resources to share to all the people.

3)Since all processes are computer based, you can assure yourself that all

resources will be delivered to users as long as you have reliable connectivity.

 ADVANTAGES/ BENEFITS OF CN
CENTRALIZED MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES :
1) In Centralized computer network model, the network resources are placed
and managed from a main location. Centralized network model allows
administrators to manage the resources centrally (typically in Head
Office). The network servers and other critical network resources are
located in a central location in a secure and dedicated server room.

Centralized network model provides following advantages to Network and

System Administrators….
2) Centralized network model provides Network and System
Administrators better access to network devices
3) In Centralized network model, Network Resources can be managed
more easily
4) Centralized network model provides better Network Security.
 ADVANTAGES/ BENEFITS OF CN
BACKING UP OF DATA :

1) A data backup is the result of copying or archiving files and folders for
the purpose of being able to restore them in case of data loss.

2) Data loss can be caused by many things ranging from computer viruses
to hardware failures to file corruption to fire, flood, or theft

3) Higher Reliability

4) Reduced Workload

5) Greater Security
 DISADVANTAGES OF NETWORK

 Disadvantages:

 1. Security concerns: One of the major drawback of computer network is the

security issues that are involved Virus and malware: Viruses can spread on a
network easily because of the interconnectivity of workstations.

 3. Lack of robustness: If the main file server of a computer network breaks

down , the entire system becomes useless.

 4. Needs an efficient handler: The technical skills and knowledge required to

operate and administer a computer network
 CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS

 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION

 BASED ON TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY

 BASED ON NETWORK RELATIONSHIP

 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION

 LAN - Local Area Network

 MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

 WAN - Wide Area Network

 CAN - Campus Area Network

 PAN - Personal Area Network

 LOCAL AREA NETWORK
LAN:

1. LAN is local area network.

2. LAN is privately-owned networks covering a small geographic area(less

than 1 km), like a home, office, building or group of buildings.

3. LAN transmits data with a speed of several megabits per second

4. A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects

computers within a limited area such as a residence, school,

laboratory, university campus or office building

LOCAL AREA NETWORK
 LAN SUMMARY

 LAN (Local Area Network): •

 Covers : Local areas only (e.g. homes, offices, schools)

 • Definition : LAN (Local Area Network) is a computer network covering a small

geographic area, like a home, office, school, or group of buildings.

 • Speed : High speed (1000 mbps)

 • Data transfer rates : LANs have a high data transfer rate.

 • Example : The network in an office building can be a LAN.

 • Set-up costs: If there is a need to set-up a couple of extra devices on the network, it
is not

 • Connection : One LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via
telephone lines and radio waves.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

1. A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large computer network that spans

a metropolitan area or campus.

2. A MAN typically covers an area up to 10 kms (city).

3. The best example of MAN is the cable Television network, available in many

cities.

4. For an organization, the common use of a MAN is to extend their LAN

connectivity between buildings/offices that are within the same city or

urban area (hence the name Metropolitan Area Network).

MAN
 WAN

1. WAN is wide area network.

2. WAN is a long-distance communication network that covers a wide

geographic area, such as state or country.

3. The most common example is internet.

4. A WAN provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image and

video information over larger geographical areas that may comprise a

country or even whole world.

WAN
 WAN SUMMARY
 • Covers: Large geographic areas(e.g. cities, states, nations)

 • Definition : WAN (Wide Area Network) is a computer network that covers a broad area
(e.g., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national
boundaries over a long distance).

 • Speed : Less speed (150 mbps)

 • Data transfer rates : WANs have a lower data transfer rate compared to LANs.

 • Example : Internet is a good example of a WAN

 • Set-up costs: Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through
public networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected through leased
lines or satellites.

 • Connection : Experiences more data transmission errors as compared to LAN

 PAN

1. A PAN is personal area network is used for communication among

computer devices close to one’s person.

2. Wireless networking or Bluetooth technologies are the some

examples of PAN.

3.The communication network established for the purpose of connecting

computer devices of personal use is known as the PAN

PAN
 CAN

1. CAN is a Campus Area Network is used to connect buildings across

campuses of colleges or Universities.

2. A CAN is actually a type of LAN.

3. It is larger than a LAN but smaller than MAN.

4.CAN is a network that connects two or more LANs but that is limited

to a specific and contiguous geographical area such as a college

campus, industrial complex or military base.

CAN
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY

The transmission means, sending a signal from one location to

another.
The transmission technology can be categorized broadly into two types:

1. Broadcast networks

2. Point-to-point networks.
 BROADCAST NETWORK

 The term broadcast may refer to any of the following:

1. For example, a radio station broadcasts a signal to many listeners,
and digital TV subscribers receive a signal that is broadcast by their TV
provider.
2. In computer networking, broadcasting is the process of sending data
packets to multiple recipients all at once OR
In computer networking, telecommunication and information theory,
broadcasting is a method of transferring a message to all recipients
simultaneously.
 Broadcast networks have a single communication channel that is shared or
used by all the machines on the network.
 Short messages called packets sent by any machine are received by all the
others.
 Upon receiving a packet, a machine checks the address field. If the packet is
addressed to it then the packet is processed, otherwise the packet is ignored
 Point-to-point networks

 Point to point networks consists of many connections between individual

pairs of machines.

 To go from the source to the destination a packet on these types of network

may have to go through intermediate computers before they reach the desired
computer.

 Often the packets have to follow multiple routes, of different lengths.

 Hence routing algorithms are very important in the point-to-point networks.

 An important general rule is as follows:

Small, localized networks (e.g. LAN) tend to use the broadcasting; whereas
networks located over wide geographical areas (such as WAN) use point-to-point
transmission.
BROADCAST NETWORK
Point-to-point networks
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON NETWORK RELATIONSHIP

1) CLIENT-SERVER

2) PEER TO PEER
 PEER TO PEER
 A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is created when two or more PCs are connected
and share resources without going through a separate server computer
 In P2P network a couple of computers connected via a Universal Serial Bus
to transfer files
 In general, office and home P2P networks operate over Ethernet (10M
bit/sec.) or Fast Ethernet (100M bit/sec.)
 in this type of network configuration, each device in the network is
responsible for making own resources available to other computers in
the network.
 In simple terms we can say that if any user logged in one peer(device) in the
network , then the user can access any resources(devices etc) that are
present in the network which are not controlled by any specific password .
 they don’t have any central controlling device.
 There are no servers present in this type of network. Since there is no
central security , the user will have to know individual password to access
each password protected device present in the network.
 PEER TO PEER

 Each device maintain its own security settings and this type of network
best suitable for network containing less number of devices(less than 10)
on a single LAN

 cost effective as no additional servers or software required to set up this

type of network

When to use this type of network ?

 If you want a cost effective yet efficient way of connecting all the devices in
a network.

 If network security is not an important issue.

 If all the users are situated in same area and they are less in number
 PEER TO PEER

.
 PEER TO PEER
Advantages of Peer to peer network:

 Easy setup and lower cost of operation for small networks.

 No server hardware required and also user can control resource sharing.

 More Built in Redundancy : Due to small network size(with 10 – 20

workstations) and each device contains some important data, if one fails
we still have most of our shared resources available .

 Easy to administer : In this type of network , each machine perform its

own administration.

 No NOS required : Peer to peer network don’t require any NOS(network

operating system) .
 PEER TO PEER
Disadvantages of Peer to peer networks:

 Less security : this network operates on common desktops operating

system like windows which are not very secure operating systems.
 No centralized management system(like in client server model) , thus it
makes large peer networks hard to manage data efficiently
 Individual performance is affected : Due to resource sharing between all
the devices , the individual performance of a particular workstation will get
affected
 Additional load on computer due to absence of a server and resource
sharing
 Difficult to maintain version control : In this network, files are stored on
number of different workstations. So difficult to manage different document
versions or files.
 Difficult to back up.
 Password remembrance difficulty
 Client Server Technology (Server Based Network)

 In this type a device will act as server and other act as clients.

 Client is a individual workstations in the network , whereas Server is the

central computer which is more powerful that clients and which allows
the clients to access its software's and database

 No client can access the resources of the servers until it has been
authenticated(permitted) by the server to do so.

 In this networks Clients request for various services such as file

sharing , file storage , printing etc and server computer will deliver them

 In this network set up the server will provide security and administration of
the entire network
 Client – Server
Communication in Client – Server configuration

 The client places a request on the server machine to access the resources available with the central

server(computer).

 The server responds to this and sends the signal accordingly to the client .The software runs in client

computer is called client program. This software configures specific computer to act as a client.

 Further the software that runs in a server computer is called a server program. It configures that

particular computer to act as server.

 Some of the most important applications of client server network includes file transfer clients, printing ,

email clients ,web browsers etc

Client Server Technology (Server Based Network)
 Client Server Technology (Server Based Network)

Advantages of Client server network

 Network Security : This is highly secure because all the shared resources

are present in centralized area and are administered centrally. Also the

operating system runs on client server are designed to provide better

security to network.

 Higher Reliability : The individual users don’t have to use or manage the

shared resources. Also speed and efficiency will increase as single

password allows access to all the shared resources.

 Centralized backup : Data backup is much easier and faster too.

 Client Server Technology (Server Based Network)

Disadvantages of Client server networks

 Lots of memory and disk space is required for a computer server.

 Dedicated hardware needs to be used.

 Being a client server relationship, a professional network administrator

is required for server workstation.

 expensive

 skill/trained staff require to handle n/w

 If server fails whole n/w comes to down position

 Client server vs peer to peer

Client server Network Peer to peer Network

1) Strong central security 1) Weak central security.
2) Better performance for large number of user. 2) Poor performance for large number of user.

3) Centralized backup can be taken. 3) Each user needs to take his as her own backup.

4) Easy manageability for large number of user. 4) Difficult to manage more than few (10) user.

5) Very reliable dedicated Network operating 5) No Network OS required, existing machines with
system (NOS) required. stand-alone OS.
6 )Expensive dedicated H/W. 6) No extra dedicated H/W.
7) Requires professional N/W Administrator. 7) Not required, user can manage.

8) Here server is more powerful than client. 8) All user are equal in peer to peer.

9) Client always request & server serves the 9) Anybody can be server and anybody
request.
 NETWORK COMPUTING MODELS

1) CLENT SERVER

2) PEER TO PEER

3) DISTRIBUTED MODELS
 DISRIBUTED MODEL/COMPUTING

 It is a group of systems located at different places, but connected over a

network, to work on a single problem/common goal.

 Distributed computing is a computing concept where multiple computer

systems working on a single problem.

 In distributed computing, a single problem is divided into many parts, and

each part is solved by different computers.

 As long as the computers are networked, they can communicate with

each other to solve the problem.

 Distributed computing means something is shared among multiple

systems which may also be in different locations.
 DISRIBUTED MODEL/COMPUTING

 For example, user processing is performed in the PC at the user's

location, business processing is done in a remote computer, and
database access and processing is conducted in another computer
that provides centralized access for many business processes.

 The ultimate goal of distributed computing is to maximize performance by

connecting users and IT resources in a cost-effective, transparent and
reliable manner.

 It also ensures fault tolerance and enables resource accessibility in the

event that one of the components fails.
DISRIBUTED MODEL/COMPUTING
 DISRIBUTED MODEL/COMPUTING

 The giant companies like Facebook & Amazon work on the basis of
distributed computing as they need to perform all kinds of task every day
regarding thousands of requests, chats, orders, refunds,
replacements, posts and many so need to require lots of computers
assigned different-different task (work). In short, these companies even
are taking the advantage of distributed computing to work efficiently
without any hassle.

 Another good example is the internet(google) where millions of

people search every day lots of queries, download songs, plays
videos online and also do many tasks beyond our thinking still the result
will be seen instantly as they are having the big support of distributed
computing in the background to perform 100%.
 DISRIBUTED MODEL/COMPUTING

 Let us consider Google’s Web Server as an example in understanding

Distributed Systems, when a user submits a search query to Google then
Google Web Server as a Single system handles this request. What happens
in the background is a Distributed Computing technology implementation
by Google, where several servers come together to address the
distribution of data into different geographical locations to provide the
search results in split seconds.

Benefits of Distributed Computing:

 They provide better performance ration when compared with a Centralized

computer.

 They have more computational power than a Centralized system.

 Network operating system (NOS)
 A network operating system is an operating system designed for the sole
purpose of supporting workstations, database sharing, application sharing
and file and printer sharing among multiple computers in a network.
OR
 network operating system, NOS is the software that allows multiple
computers to communicate, share files and hardware devices with one
another.
 Some of the most well-known network operating systems include Microsoft
Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, Linux and Mac OS
X, Microsoft Windows NT
 The first network operating system was Novell NetWare, released in 1983.
 After Netware, other network operating systems were released, including
Banyan VINES and Microsoft Windows NT.
 Some examples of other network operating systems include Windows 2000,
Microsoft Windows XP, Sun Solaris, and Linux.
 NOS

Common tasks associated with network operating systems include:

User administration

System maintenance activities like backup

Tasks associated with file management

Security monitoring on all resources in the network

print jobs in the network

Security features like authentication, restrictions, authorizations.

 NOS FUNCTIONS

functions of a network operating system are

 printer sharing

 common file systems,

 database sharing

 application sharing, m

 Security

 backup
 NOS TYPES

 Peer to peer NOS

.. APPLE SHARE

..LANtastic

..windows for workgrup

 Client server NOS

..NOVELL NETWARE

..WINDOWS SERVER

..BANYAN VINES
 NOS FEATURES
1)Basic Operating Features:
 Network operating systems support the basic operating features of networks.
 These include support to various protocols that allow computers to share data.
 network operating systems support the processing of other software
applications that run on both individual computers and within the network.

2) Security Features:
 Network operating systems support a number of security and various access
controls.
 These include authorization(right data to right user) and permission for access
to the network.
 Example- user management, log-on controls , passwords.
 NOS also control features such as remote access and network monitoring.