Industry 4.

0
Topic: Core Technologies: Cloud Computing and Fog
Computing
What is computing?

Computing is the process of using computer technology to

complete a given goal-oriented task.

Computing may encompass the design and development of

software and hardware systems for a broad range of purposes -
often structuring, processing and managing any kind of information
to aid in the pursuit of scientific studies, making intelligent systems,
and creating and using different media for entertainment and
communication.

the use of a computer to process data or perform calculations.

It has scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological
and social aspects.
Distributed System Characteristics
(SEAM)

● To present a Single-system image:

○ Hide internal organization, communication details
○ Provide uniform interface
● Easily Expandable
○ Adding new computers is hidden from users
● Continuous Availability
○ Failures in one component can be covered by other
components
● Supported by Middleware
 Advantages of Distributed System over Centralized System(SIRI)

● Speed - When used to implement parallel processing where only goal is to

achieve maximum speed on a single problem, distributed systems can
achieve very high speed as compared to the centralized ones.

● Inherent Distribution- Another reason for building a distributed system is

that some applications are inherently distributed. Banking, Airline
reservation etc. are examples of the applications that are inherently
distributed . When all the branches of a bank are connected, we have a
commercial distributed system.
Contd .

● Reliability- By distributing the workload over many

machines, a single chip failure will bring down at most one
machine, leaving the rest intact.
For critical applications, such as control of nuclear reactors
or aircraft, using a distributed system to achieve high
reliability may be a dominant consideration
● Incremental Growth- Often a company will buy a
mainframe with the intention of doing all its work on
it.
If the company prospers and the workload grows, at a
certain point the mainframe will no longer be
Disadvantages of Distributed System

● Software: difficult to develop software for

distributed systems
● Control :Distribution of control
● Network: saturation, lossy transmissions
● Security: easy access also applies to secret
data
● Hard to detect faults
● Administration issues
What is Cluster Computing?

•A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together

closely so that in many respects they form a single computer.
•The components of a cluster are commonly, but not always, connected to
each other through fast local area networks.
•Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and/or availability
over that provided by a single computer, while typically being much more
cost-effective than single computers of comparable speed.

APP APP … APP

Cluster Middle ware

High Speed Local Network

CPU CPU … CPU

Cluster
 Cluster Computing
Advantages
 Increasing speed – better performance
 optimized resources utilization
 Can execute Large applications

Disadvantages
 Complex programming models
 Difficult for debug and development
 Grid Computing
• Computing grids are conceptually and logically like electrical grids. In an electrical grid, wall
outlet allow us to connect to an infrastructure of resources which generate and distribute the
electricity. Likewise, in the IT industry, grid computing uses middleware to coordinate distinct
IT resources over the network, allowing them to function and work as a virtual whole.

• The goal of a computing grid , like that of a electrical grid, is to provide users with access to
the resources they need, when they need them and to provide remote access to IT assets and
aggregating processing power.

• Grid provides a series of distributed computing resources via LAN or WAN to the terminal
user’s application, as if he is using a super virtual computer.
● Grid computing is the integration of computer resources for achieving similar objective.

● Grids are frequently created with middleware software libraries of a common grid.

● Grids are a type of dispersed computing system, whereas a virtualized super computer
is made from various networked.

● Grids focus on two different but associated objectives—supplying isolated access to IT

resources and building up processing control.

● The grid is a technology which controls two factors—allocation and trust.

 Mobile Computing
● Mobile Computing is a technology that allows transmission of
data, voice and video via a computer or any other wireless
enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed
physical link. The main concept involves −

● Mobile communication
● Mobile hardware
● Mobile software
The mobile communication in this case, refers to the
infrastructure put in place to ensure that seamless and
reliable communication goes on. These would include
devices such as protocols, services, bandwidth, and
portals necessary to facilitate and support the stated
Mobile Hardware
Mobile hardware includes mobile devices or device components that receive or
access the service of mobility. They would range from portable laptops,
smartphones, tablet Pc's, Personal Digital Assistants.
Mobile software
Mobile software is the actual program that runs on the mobile hardware. It deals
with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications. This is the engine
of the mobile device. In other terms, it is the operating system of the appliance. It's
the essential component that operates the mobile device.
 What is Cloud Computing?
• Cloud Computing is a general term used to describe a new class
of network based computing that takes place over the Internet,

 basically a step on from Utility Computing

 a collection/group of integrated and networked hardware,
software and Internet infrastructure (called a platform).
 Using the Internet for communication and transport provides
hardware, software and networking services to clients
 Basic Concepts
There are certain services and models working behind the scene making the cloud
computing feasible and accessible to end users. Following are the working models for cloud
computing:

●Deployment Models
●Service Models
 Hybrid Cloud
Top 5 Hybrid Cloud
Providers:
●Amazon
●Microsoft
●Google
●Cisco
●NetApp
 ● The Public Cloud allows systems and services
Deployment Models to be easily accessible to the general public.
Public cloud may be less secure because of its
openness, e.g., e-mail.

● The Private Cloud allows systems and

services to be accessible within an
organization. It offers increased security
because of its private nature.

● Cummunity Cloud -The Community Cloud

allows systems and services to be accessible
by group of organizations.

● The Hybrid Cloud -is mixture of public and

private cloud. However, the critical activities
are performed using private cloud while the
non-critical activities are performed using
public cloud.
Service Models INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE
(IAAS)
● IaaS provides access to fundamental
resources such as physical machines,
virtual machines, virtual storage, etc.
PLATFORM AS A SERVICE (PAAS)
● PaaS provides the runtime environment
for applications, development &
deployment tools, etc.
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE (SAAS)
● SaaS model allows to use software
applications as a service to end users
Characteristics of Cloud
 Characteristics of Cloud
A) On demand self services:
i. computer services such as email, applications, network or server service
can be provided without requiring human interaction with each
service provider.
ii. Cloud service providers providing on demand self services include
Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft, Google, IBM and
Salesforce.com.
B) Broad network access:
iii. Cloud Capabilities are available over the network and
iv. accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by
heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms such as mobile phones,
laptops and PDAs.
 Characteristics of Cloud
C) Resource
pooling:
i. The provider’s computing resources are pooled
together to serve multiple consumers using
multiple-tenant model, with different physical and
virtual resources dynamically assigned and
reassigned according to consumer demand.
ii. The resources include storage, processing,
memory, network bandwidth, virtual machines
and email services as mobile phones, laptops and
PDAs.
 Characteristics of Cloud
D) Rapid elasticity:
i. Cloud services can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases
automatically to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale
in.
ii. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning
often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any
quantity at any time.
iii. Rapid elasticity allows users to automatically request additional space in
the cloud or other types of services. Because of the setup of cloud
computing services, provisioning can be seamless for the client or user.
 Characteristics of Cloud
● Elasticity allows the cloud provider’s customers to achieve cost savings and
this is often a core reason for adoption of cloud services
● Example - Say that 10 servers are required for a three month project. With
cloud services the company can provision them within minutes, pay a small
monthly operation + execution fee to run them rather than a large upfront
capital investment cost, and decommission them at the end of the three
months with no further charge.
Benefits
 The Edge of the Cloud
● Why isn’t cloud computing sufficient for some applications?
○ Latency – Real-time interaction
■ Video Streaming – Movies, Video Conferencing
■ Gaming – Role playing games
■ Augmented Reality – Pokémon Go
○ Geographical Distribution – Widely distributed deployments
■ Massively Multiplayer Online Real-time Games
■ Route Planning / Traffic
○ Mobile Deployment – Nodes will be moving
■ Cell phones
■ Vehicles
○ Large number of Nodes
■ Networks of sensor nodes
 Fog Computing

Fog platform provides low-latency

virtualized services and is linked to
the Cloud Computing infrastructure.

Edge devices request compute, storage

and communication services from the
Fog. The Fog provides local, low-
latency response to these requests and
forwards relevant data for
computationally intensive processing.

Fog Computing: Survey of Trends, Architectures, Requirements, and Research Dire

FOG COMPUTING CHARACTERISTICS:
○ Low Latency – Video Delivery, Navigation Information
○ Location Awareness – Traffic Lights, Navigation, Sensor
Networks
○ Wide-spread Geographical Distribution
○ Mobility – Fitness Trackers, Phones and Vehicles
 Fog Computing Characteristics:
○ Predominance of Wireless Access

○ Strong presence of Streaming and Real-time Applications

○ Heterogeneity

www.sandvine.com/hubfs/downloads/phenomena/2018-phenomena-
 Architectural Drivers
● Low Latency / Real Time Response – Device will want near real-time
response for content delivery and actionable information
● Dynamic Number of Nodes -- Number of devices within the Fog is
dynamic. System must be able to handle large number of devices
joining and leaving the Fog
● Highly Mobile Nodes – Nodes will be entering and exiting the Fog and
the Fog must adapt and continue to perform
● Diverse Set of Failure Modes – Wide range of devices with varying
levels of sophistication mean there will be many failure modes that need
to be seamlessly handled
● Security – Access control
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.01090.pdf
 The Role of the Data Center
Data centers are an integral part of the enterprise, designed to support business applications and provide services such
as:

• Data storage, management, backup and recovery

• Productivity applications, such as email
• High-volume e-commerce transactions
• Powering online gaming communities
• Big data, machine learning and artificial intelligence