1

Chapter
One

INTRODUCTION

TO COMPUTER

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Name: Abdinasir M. Jama (Nasir Halac)
Qualifications:
• Bs. IT
• Master of Curriculum Development
• Master of Islamic Bank and Finance
• PGD of Teacher Education
Experience:
• I have been actively engaged in working and teaching
in IT and Computer Science for more than 11 years.

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3 What is a computer

 A computer is a programmable electronic

device designed to store, retrieve, and
process data. It operates under a set of
predefined instructions stored in its memory,
enabling it to accept data (input), process
that data, and deliver meaningful results
(output) to users.

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4 Data, Information and Knowledge

 Data is a collection of raw facts, figures and

symbols, such as numbers, words, images, video
and sound
 Computers manipulate data to create information.
Information is data that is organized, meaningful,
and useful.
 During the output Phase, the information that has
been created is put into some form, such as a printed
report.
 The information can also be put in computer storage
for future use.
 Knowledge is information that has been
retained with an understanding about the
significance of that information.
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 5 Functions of a computer
 Any digital computer carries out five functions in a
gross terms
 Takes data as an input
 Process data and converts it into useful information
 Stores data/instructions in its own memory and use them
when required
 Generates output
 Controls all the above four steps

Input Process Output

Store Data
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6 Characteristics of a Computer

Computers possess several distinctive characteristics that

make them powerful and indispensable tools in modern life:
 1. Speed
Computers can process data at an incredibly high speed,
executing millions, and in some cases billions, of
instructions per second.
• Example: Tasks such as complex scientific simulations or
data analysis that would take humans weeks or months
can be completed by computers in mere seconds.
• Impact: This speed is especially critical in applications
like real-time financial trading, weather forecasting, or
online gaming.

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7 Characteristics of a Computer ….

2. Accuracy
 Computers are highly accurate and execute
operations with minimal errors when provided
with correct inputs and instructions (referred to
as garbage in, garbage out).
• Explanation: Every calculation or task is
performed consistently, ensuring reliable results.
Errors typically occur only due to human
mistakes in programming or input data.
• Example: In medical diagnostics, computers
ensure precision in analyzing patient data for
accurate test results.
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8 Characteristics of a Computer ….

3. Diligence
 Unlike humans, computers do not experience
fatigue, loss of concentration, or emotional
fluctuations.
• Explanation: They can operate continuously
for hours, days, or even years without
compromising efficiency or quality.
• Example: Automated systems in manufacturing
or 24/7 online services like customer support
and server operations rely on this diligence.

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9 Characteristics of a Computer ….

4. Versatility
 Computers are adaptable and capable of
performing a wide variety of tasks.
• Explanation: Whether it is managing payroll,
analyzing inventory, designing graphics, or
playing games, a computer can switch between
tasks effortlessly.
• Example: In a single day, a computer can be
used to create a business presentation, manage
financial data, and communicate through video
conferencing.
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10 Characteristics of a Computer ….

5. Storage Capacity
 Modern computers can store vast amounts of data,
both temporarily (using RAM) and permanently
(using hard drives or cloud storage).
• Explanation: Once recorded, data is retained
indefinitely and can be retrieved almost
instantaneously whenever needed. This ability to
store and recall data efficiently supports everything
from simple file storage to managing global
databases.
• Example: Large-scale applications, like Google or
Amazon, rely on computers to store and manage
petabytes of user data.
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11 Advantages of using Computer

 Computers offer numerous advantages that make them integral

to modern life and various industries. These advantages include:
1. Speed
 Computers excel in executing tasks at extraordinary speeds,
completing complex computations and processes in mere
fractions of a second.
• Explanation: Their ability to process vast amounts of data in a
short time makes them indispensable in applications requiring
rapid decision-making, such as stock trading or emergency
systems.
• Example: Tasks like generating detailed financial reports or
simulating weather patterns, which would take humans days or
weeks, can be completed by computers in minutes.

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12 Advantages of using Computer….

2. Reliability
 Computers are highly dependable, with a very low
failure rate when properly maintained and
operated.
• Explanation: Unlike humans, computers do not
suffer from inconsistencies due to fatigue or
emotions, making them suitable for critical tasks.
• Example: Automated air traffic control systems
rely on the reliability of computers to ensure
safety and efficiency.

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13 Advantages of using Computer….

3. Accuracy
 One of the most notable benefits of computers is
their precision in executing tasks and calculations.
• Explanation: Errors are rare and typically occur
only due to incorrect input or programming
mistakes. When provided with accurate
instructions, computers consistently deliver
accurate results.
• Example: In healthcare, computers are used to
analyze medical data with high precision,
reducing diagnostic errors.
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14 Advantages of using Computer….

4. Storage Capacity
 Modern computers are equipped to store vast
quantities of data and information, ensuring long-
term accessibility.
• Explanation: Data stored digitally can be
retrieved almost instantly, making it easy to
manage records and access historical information.
• Example: Libraries and research institutions
digitize their archives to store millions of
documents in a fraction of the physical space
required by paper records.
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15 Advantages of using Computer….

5. Communication
 Computers enable seamless communication with
other systems and devices, fostering connectivity
and collaboration.
• Explanation: Through networking technologies
like the internet and intranets, computers can
share data and resources, allowing users to
collaborate globally in real-time.
• Example: Email, video conferencing, and shared
cloud platforms are made possible by the ability
of computers to communicate with one another.
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Disadvantages of using Computers
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 Unemployment –
Job Replacement: Computers can perform repetitive and
labour-intensive tasks much faster and with greater
accuracy than humans. This has led to automation in
industries such as manufacturing, banking, customer
service, and logistics, which reduces the need for human
labor.
Skill Displacement: Many traditional jobs have been
replaced, forcing workers to acquire new skills to remain
relevant. Not everyone can adapt quickly to technological
advancements, which contributes to higher unemployment
rates in some sectors.
Examples: Self-service machines in supermarkets,
automated teller machines (ATMs) in banking, and robotics
in manufacturing have led to job losses.
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17 Disadvantages of using Computers

 2. Wastage of Time and Energy

• Distraction: Computers, particularly those
connected to the internet, provide access to
entertainment, such as social media, online games,
and video streaming. Many people spend excessive
time on these activities without any productive
output.
• Decreased Productivity: Employees or students
may use work or study time to browse irrelevant
content, play games, or chat online, reducing
efficiency and performance.
• Example: Excessive use of social media platforms
during work hours can affect job performance and
deadlines.
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18 Disadvantages of using Computers
 3. Data Security
• Cyber Threats: Data stored on computers can be
compromised by hacking, malware, or unauthorized
access. Cybercriminals exploit vulnerabilities in
systems to steal sensitive data such as financial details,
personal information, and intellectual property.
• Identity Theft: With data breaches, private
information such as names, addresses, and credit card
numbers can be misused.
• Consequences: Financial losses, reputational damage,
and legal implications are significant risks.
• Examples: Phishing attacks, ransomware, and hacking
incidents such as the data breaches of major
corporations.
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19 Disadvantages of using Computers
 4. Privacy Violation
• Personal Data Misuse: Computers are used to store
vast amounts of personal data, including medical
records, financial details, and identification numbers. If
this data is not secured, it can be accessed or sold
without consent.
• Surveillance: Organizations, governments, or
companies may monitor and track individuals' activities
online, leading to concerns about privacy invasion.
• Example: Social media companies collecting user data
to create targeted advertisements have raised ethical
concerns about privacy violations.

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20 Disadvantages of using Computers
 5. Health Risks
• Physical Health Issues: Prolonged computer use without proper
ergonomics can cause:
• Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI): Disorders in hands, wrists, and elbows
caused by repetitive motions (e.g., typing).
• Eye Strain: Continuous staring at a computer screen leads to
Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS), causing dryness, headaches, and
blurred vision.
• Postural Problems: Poor sitting posture leads to neck, back, and
shoulder pain.
• Mental Health Issues: Overuse of computers can also result in
stress, anxiety, and sleep disorders, especially due to excessive
exposure to blue light from screens.
• Examples: Office workers suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome
or students experiencing eye fatigue after long study sessions.

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21 Disadvantages of using Computers
 6. Impact on Environment
• Manufacturing Impact: The production of computers involves
mining for rare earth minerals, which can cause environmental
degradation and pollution.
• E-Waste: Disposing of outdated or non-functional computers
contributes to electronic waste (e-waste). Improper disposal
methods, such as burning or landfilling, release toxic chemicals like
lead, mercury, and cadmium into the environment.
• Energy Consumption: Computers and data centers consume
significant amounts of electricity, contributing to carbon emissions.
• Examples:
• Dumping e-waste in landfills pollutes soil and water.
• Cloud computing data centers require massive energy for operation and
cooling.

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 22 Computer Components
 Computers
consists of two main
Components
1. Hardware
2. Software

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23 1.Computer Hardware
 Hardware is the physical parts of the computer
that you can see and touch such as Mouse and
Keyboard
 It’s the machinery, components, and equipment
that makes your PC work.
 It includes the processor, display monitor,
keyboard, mouse, and hard drive.
 Each component is crucial to the overall
operation of your computer, but there are
certain differences.

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24

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25 Computer Hardware…….
 Input devices – Allows you to enter data and
instructions into computer
 System unit : case that contains electronic
components that process data
 Output devices – Devices that convey information to
one or more people
 Storage devices. Writes and reads data to/from
storage media
 Communication Devices : Enables computer to send
and receive data, instructions and information

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26 Input Devices
 Input devices is hardware components that allow users to
enter data and instructions into computer
 Input devices translate data from a form that humans
understand to one that computers understand

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 27 Output Devices

 An output device is computer hardware which

converts information into human-readable form.
 It convey information for one or more people
 Output can be :
 Text
 Graphic
 Audio
 Sound

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28 Central Processing Unit CPU

 CPU is the brain of the computer

 Its responsible for all functions and processes
of computer
 Regarding Computing power, the CPU is the
most important element of a computer
system
 CPU is compromised of three main parts
 Arithmetic logic unit: Executes all arithmetic
and logical operations. Arithmetic calculations like
addition of numbers and logical operations like
comparing numbers
 Control unit: Controls and coordinates computer
components
 Registers: Stores the data that is to be executed
next – Very fast storage area
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29 Storage Devices
 A storage device is
used in the computers
to store the data.
 Provides one of
the core functions
of the modern
computer.

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30 Storage Devices

Primar Secondar
y y

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31 Primary Storage
 Also known as main memory
 Mainmemory is directly or indirectly
connected to the central processing unit
via a memory bus.
 The CPU continuously reads instructions
stored there and executes them as
required.
 Example:
 RAM
 ROM
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32 RAM
 RAM- Random Access Memory -
Stores data on temporary basis.
 Data on RAM can be promptly
accessed by the processor when
needed
 Its volatile in nature. That means it
loses data if computer is turned off.
 Therefore, each time you start up
your computer, the
operating system must be loaded
from secondary memory (such as a
hard drive) into the primary
memory, or RAM.

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33 ROM

 ROM: Read Only Memory

 This memory is used as the computer
begins to boot up.
 ROM is not volatile. This means it
keeps its data both when power in on
and off
 ROM memory can not be easily or
quickly over written or modified.
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34 Secondary Storage

 It is not directly accessible by the CPU.

 Computer usually uses its input/output
channels to access secondary storage
and transfers the desired data using
intermediate area in primary storage.
 Example:
 – Hard disk

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35 Hard Disk
 The hard disk drive is the main, and
usually largest, data storage device in a
computer.
 It can store anywhere from 160
gigabytes to 2 terabytes.

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36 Internal vs External
Hard disk
Internal Hard External Hard
disk disk
Portability No Yes
Price Less expensive More expensive
Speed Fast Slow
Size Big Small

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37 Primary Memory VS Secondary Memory

Primary memory Secondary memory

 Slow
 Fast
 Cheap
 Expensive
 Large capacity
 Low capacity
 Not connected
 Works directly with
directly to the
the processor
processor

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38 Storage measurements
 Storage measurements: The basic unit
used in computer data storage is called a
bit(Binary Digit).
Data
Size
Measurement
Single Binary Digit (1 or
Bit
0)
Byte 8 bits
Kilobyte (KB) 1,024 Bytes
Megabyte (MB) 1,024 Kilobytes
Gigabyte (GB) 1,024 Megabytes
Terabyte (TB) 1,024 Gigabytes
Petabyte (PB) 1,024 Terabytes
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39 Speed Measurements
 The speed of central processing unit is measured by
Hertz(Hz).

CPU SPEED MEASURES

1Hz 1 Cycle per second
1MHz 1 million cycles per
second or 1000 Hz
1GHz 1 Billion cycles per
second or
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40 2. Software
 Software is the programs and applications that
tell the computer what to do and how to do it.
 Computer programmers write the
codes/instructions that make-up software
applications/programs.

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41 Two Types of Software

 Application Software

 System Software

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42 System Software
 Directs all the activities and sets all the rules
for how the hardware and software will work
together.
 Examples would be:
 Windows 7
 Windows 10
 Unix, Linux,
 MAC system OS

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43 Application Software
 Is a computer software designed to help users perform
specific functions
 Examples
 Opera – Web browser
 Microsoft word – Word-processing
 Microsoft excel – Spreadsheets Software
 Photoshop – Graphic software
 PlayStation 5 – Gaming SOFTWARE

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44 Classification of Computers

 Computers are classified according to :

 Purpose – Whether the computer is general purpose or
special purpose
 Types of data handled – is using analog , digital data or
combination of both
 Capacity - Volume of data that the computer can handle is
large or small
 Computers can be generally classified by size and power
as follows , though there is considerable overlap.
 Personal Computer
 Workstation
 Minicomputer
 Mainframe
 Supercomputer

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45 Personal Computer
 A small single user
computer based on
microprocessor
 Personal Computers
also known as PC’s are
smaller and less
powerful than the
others. They are used
in homes, schools, and
small businesses.

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46 Workstation
 A powerful single user
computer
 A workstation is like a
personal computer ,
but it has a more
powerful
microprocessor and
higher quality monitor.

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47 Mini-Computers
 A multiuser computer,
capable of supporting 10 to
hundreds of users
simultaneously
 Mini-Computers are used by
business and government to
process large amounts of
information.

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48 Mainframes
 Powerful multi-user
computer , capable of
supporting many hundreds
or thousands of users
simultaneously
 Mainframes...are used by
government and businesses
to process very large
amounts of information.

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 49 Super Computers
 An extremely fast
computers that can
perform hundreds of
millions of instructions
per second
 Supercomputers...are
used to process very
large amounts of
information including
processing information
to predict hurricanes,
satellite images and
navigation

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50 Computer Viruses*
 Viruses: A virus is a small piece of software that piggybacks on
real programs. For example, a virus might attach itself to a
program such as a spreadsheet program
 E-mail viruses: An e-mail virus travels as an attachment to e-
mail messages, and usually replicates itself by automatically
mailing itself to dozens of people in the victim's e-mail address
book.
 Trojan horses: A Trojan horse is simply a computer program.
The program claims to do one thing (it may claim to be a game)
but instead does damage when you run it (it may erase your
hard disk).
 Worms: A worm is a small piece of software that uses
computer networks and security holes to replicate itself. A copy
of the worm scans the network for another machine that has a
specific security hole. It copies itself to the new machine using
the security hole, and then starts replicating from there, as
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51 What are some tips to avoid viruses
and lessen their impact?*

 Install antivirus software. ...

 Be careful with email attachments. ...
 Patch your operating system and applications. ...
 Avoid questionable websites. ...
 Avoid pirated software. ...
 Backup your computer

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52

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