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Signal Theory

Signal theory defines a signal as a phenomenon that represents information, which can be classified based on independent variables such as time or space. Signals can be continuous or discrete, deterministic or random, and can be transformed through operations like time shifting and scaling. Additionally, signals can be periodic or non-periodic, and can be categorized as odd or even based on their symmetry properties.

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12 views24 pages

Signal Theory

Signal theory defines a signal as a phenomenon that represents information, which can be classified based on independent variables such as time or space. Signals can be continuous or discrete, deterministic or random, and can be transformed through operations like time shifting and scaling. Additionally, signals can be periodic or non-periodic, and can be categorized as odd or even based on their symmetry properties.

Uploaded by

hdjsido9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SIGNAL THEORY

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Program

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Definition
Signal is a phenomenon that represents
information
Since any signals always is one of a collection of several of
many possible signals, signals may mathematically be
represented as elements of a set, called signal set

Examples
 Human vocal mechanism produces speech by

creating fluctuation in acoustic pressure


 Monochromatic picture consists of variation

patterns in brightness 3
Signal
A function of independent variables such as time, distance,
position, etc.
 Signals are variables that carry information.

Exemples
 One-dimensional signal : speech, audio, music, ECG, seismic,
time series
 Two-dimensional signal : image
 Three-dimensional signal : video
 Electrical signals --- voltages and currents in a circuit
 Acoustic signals --- audio or speech signals (analog or
digital)
 Video signals --- intensity variations in an image (e.g. a CAT
scan) 4
Signal Classification
Type of Independent Variable
■ Time is often the independent variable. Example: the electrical
activity of the heart recorded with chest electrodes –– the
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).

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The variables can also be spatial

Eg. Cervical MRI


In this example, the signal is the
intensity as a function of the
spatial variables x and y.

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Independent Variable
Dimensionality

■ An independent variable can be 1-D (t in the ECG) or 2-D (x, y in an


image).

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Signal Classification
■ Continuous-time Signal
 defined at every instant of time, i.e., theindependent variable is
continuous
■ Discrete-time Signal
 defined at discrete instants of time, i.e., the independent variable is
discrete
 undefined between sampling instances

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Continuous-time (CT) Signals

■ Most of the signals in the physical world are CT signals, since the time
scale is infinitesimally fine, so are the spatial scales. E.g. voltage &
current, pressure, temperature, velocity, etc.

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Discrete-time (DT) Signals

■ x[n], n — integer, time varies discretely

■ Examples of DT signals in nature:


— DNA base sequence
— Population of the nth generation of certain species

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Classification of signals

■ . Deterministic and random signals.


• Deterministic signal: No uncertainty with
respect to its value at any time
• Completely specified at any time

• Random signal: Uncertain before it occurs.


E.g., thermal noise.
Mathematical Representation

■ x(t) represents a CT signal whose amplitude varies


continuously with time (analog signal).
■ x[n] represents a DT signal, i.e., a sequence of numbers
defined only on integer values of n (undefined for noninteger
values of n)
■ Each number x[n] is called a sample
■ x[n] may be a sample from an analog signal
xd[n] = xa(nTs),
where Ts = sampling period
Periodic Signals
■ An important class of signals is the class of
periodic signals. A periodic signal is a
continuous time signal x(t), that 2has
p the
property x(t )  x(t  T )

where T>0, for all t.


■ Examples:
cos(t+2p) = cos(t)
sin(t+2p) = sin(t)

Are both periodic with period 2p


)  x(t  is
The fundamentalx(tperiod T ) the smallest t>0 for
which 13
 3. Periodic and non-periodic signals:
 CT signal: if x(t) = x(t + T), then x(t) is periodic.
 Smallest T=Fundamental period: To
 Fundamental frequency fo = 1/To (Hz or cycles/second)
 
 Angular frequency: o = 2 /To (rad/seconds)

 DT signal: if x[n] = x[n + N], then x[n] is periodic.


  fundamental period
 min(No):
 Fo = 1/No (cycles/sample)
 =2 /N (rads/sample). If the unit of n is designated as
dimensionless,
 then is simply in radians.

 Note: A sampled CT periodic signal may not be DT periodic.

Classification of signals (cont.)


Odd and Even Signals

■ An even signal xis


( identical
t )  x(t ) to its time reversed signal, i.e. it can
be reflected in the origin and is equal to the original
or x[n] = x[−n]

■ Examples:
x(t) = cos(t)
x(t) = c

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Odd and Even Signals

■ An odd signal is identical to its negated, time reversed signal,


x( t ) reflected
i.e. it is equal to the negative x(t ) signal
■ or x[n] = − x[−n]

■ Examples:
x(t) = sin(t)
x(t) = t
■ This is important because any signal can be expressed as the
sum of an odd signal and an even signal.

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Odd and Even Signals

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Transformations of the independent Variable

A central concept in signal analysis is the transformation of


one signal into another signal. Of particular interest are
simple transformations that involve a transformation of
the time axis only.
■ A linear time shift signal transformation is given by:
y (t )  x(t  b)

■ Time reversal
y (t )  x( t )

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Transformations of the independent
Variable
■ Time scaling
represents a signal stretching if 0<|a|<1, compression if |a|>1

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• Rule for time shifting and time scaling:

 See figure below. Find y(t) = x(2t + 3).

Basic Operations on Signal(cont.)


Basic operations on signals

Basic Operations on Signal


Bounded and Unbounded Signals

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Exponential and Sinusoidal
Signals
■ Exponential and sinusoidal signals are
characteristic of real-world signals and also
from a basis (a building block) for other signals.
■ A generic complex exponential signal is of
the form: x(t ) Ce at

■ where C and a are, in general, complex


numbers. Lets investigate some special cases
Exponential decay
of this signal
a0
a■
 0Real exponential signals
Exponential growth C 0
C 0

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