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Decision Making Tools Lecture No - 07

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4 views29 pages

Decision Making Tools Lecture No - 07

Uploaded by

atif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Decision Making Tools

Lecture No: 07
TUPLES

● Tuple is a collection of Python objects much like a list.

● The sequence of values stored in a tuple can be of any type, and they are
indexed by integers.

● Values of a tuple are syntactically separated by ‘commas’.

● It is more common to define a tuple by closing the sequence of values in


parentheses.

● This helps in understanding the Python tuples more easily.


TUPLE
CREATING EMPTY TUPLE
Accessing

● Tuples are immutable, and usually, they contain a sequence of


heterogeneous elements that are accessed via unpacking or indexing.
● Lists are mutable, and their elements are usually homogeneous and are
accessed by iterating over the list.
TUPLE LENGTH

Tuple1 = tuple("Hello")
print(Tuple1)
print("\nFirst element of Tuple: ")
print(Tuple1[0])

# Tuple unpacking
Tuple1 = ("Hello", "World", "!")

# This line unpack


# values of Tuple1
a, b, c = Tuple1
print("\nValues after unpacking: ")
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
Concatenation of Tuples

● Concatenation of tuple is the process of joining two or more Tuples.

● Concatenation is done by the use of ‘+’ operator.

● Concatenation of tuples is done always from the end of the original tuple.

● Other arithmetic operations do not apply on Tuples.

Note- Only the same data types can be combined with concatenation, an error
arises if a list and a tuple are combined.
Concatenation of Tuples
Tuple1 = (0, 1, 2, 3)
Tuple2 = ('String', 'in', 'Tuple')

Tuple3 = Tuple1 + Tuple2

# Printing first Tuple


print("Tuple 1: ")
print(Tuple1)

# Printing Second Tuple


print("\nTuple2: ")
print(Tuple2)

# Printing Final Tuple


print("\nTuples after Concatenation: ")
print(Tuple3)
Deleting a Tuple

● Tuples are immutable and hence they do not allow deletion of a part of it.
The entire tuple gets deleted by the use of del() method.

Tuple1 = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
print(Tuple1)
del Tuple1

print(Tuple1)
Tuple Methods

● Python has two built-in methods that you can use on tuples.
Tuple vs Lists
DICTIONARY
Dictionary

● Dictionary in Python is a collection of keys values, used to store


data values like a map, which, unlike other data types which hold only
a single value as an element.

● Dictionary holds key:value pair. Key-Value is provided in the


dictionary to make it more optimized.
Creating a Dictionary

● In Python, a dictionary can be created by placing a sequence of


elements within curly {} braces, separated by ‘comma’.
● Dictionary holds pairs of values, one being the Key and the other
corresponding pair element being its Key:value.
● Values in a dictionary can be of any data type and can be
duplicated, whereas keys can’t be repeated and must be immutable.

Note – Dictionary keys are case sensitive, the same name but different
cases of Key will be treated distinctly.
Cont’d

Dict = {}
print("Empty Dictionary: ")
print(Dict)

# Creating a Dictionary
# with dict() method
Dict = dict({1: 'Lists', 2: 'Sets', 3: 'Tuples', 4:
'Dictionary'})
print("\nDictionary with the use of dict(): ")
print(Dict)

# Creating a Dictionary with Mixed keys


Dict = {'Name': 'Data Type', 1: [1, 2, 3, 4]}
print("\nDictionary with the use of Mixed Keys: ")
print(Dict)
Accessing elements of a Dictionary

● In order to access the items of a dictionary refer to its key name. Key
can be used inside square brackets.

print("Accessing a element using key:")

print(Dict[1])

What will be the expected output?


Dictionary Method

● clear() – Remove all the elements from the dictionary


● copy() – Returns a copy of the dictionary
● get() – Returns the value of specified key
● items() – Returns a list containing a tuple for each key value
pair
● keys() – Returns a list containing dictionary’s keys
● pop() – Remove the element with specified key
● popitem() – Removes the last inserted key-value pair
● update() – Updates dictionary with specified key-value pairs
● values() – Returns a list of all the values of dictionary
dict1 = {1: "Python", 2: "Java", 3: "Ruby", 4:
"C++"}

dict2 = dict1.copy()
print(dict2)

dict1.clear()
print(dict1)

print(dict2.get(1))

print(dict2.items())

print(dict2.keys())

dict2.pop(4)
print(dict2)

dict2.popitem()
print(dict2)

dict2.update({3: "C++"})
print(dict2)

print(dict2.values())
SETS
Python Sets

● In Python, a Set is an unordered collection of data types that is iterable,


mutable and has no duplicate elements.
● The order of elements in a set is undefined though it may consist of various
elements.
● The major advantage of using a set is that it has a highly optimized
method for checking whether a specific element is contained in the set.

* Note: Set items are unchangeable, but you can remove items and add new
items.
Python Collection (Arrays)

There are four collection data types in the Python programming


language:
● List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows
duplicate members.
● Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable.
Allows duplicate members.
● Set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*, and
unindexed. No duplicate members.
● Dictionary is a collection which is ordered** and changeable.
No duplicate members.
Creating a Set

● Sets can be created by using the built-in set() function with an


iterable object or a sequence by placing the sequence inside curly
braces, separated by a ‘comma’.
● A set contains only unique elements but at the time of set
creation, multiple duplicate values can also be passed.
● Order of elements in a set is undefined and is unchangeable.
● Type of elements in a set need not be the same, various mixed-up
data type values can also be passed to the set.
Example

set1 = set([1, 2, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 6, 5])


print("\nSet with the use of Numbers: ")
print(set1)

# Creating a Set with


# a mixed type of values
# (Having numbers and strings)
set1 = set([1, 2, 'Python', 4, 'For', 6, 'All'])
print("\nSet with the use of Mixed Values")
print(set1)
Add()

● Elements can be added to the Set by using the built-in add() function.
● Only one element at a time can be added to the set by using add() method.
● Loops are used to add multiple elements at a time with the use of add()
method.
set1 = set()
print("Initial blank Set: ")
print(set1)

# Adding element and tuple to


the Set
set1.add(8)
Things to learn by yourself:
set1.add(9)
set1.add((6, 7))
● update()
print("\nSet after Addition of ● remove()
Three elements: ") ● discard()
print(set1) ● clear()
● pop()
Accessing a set
● Set items cannot be accessed by referring to an index, since sets are
unordered the items has no index.
● You can loop through the set items using a for loop, or ask if a specified value
is present in a set, by using the in keyword.

set1 = set(["All", "is", "well"])


print("\nInitial set")
print(set1)

# Accessing element using for loop


print("\nElements of set: ")
for i in set1:
print(i, end=' ')

# Checking the element using in keyword


print("is" in set1)
● The union() method returns a new set with all items from both sets
(set1.union(set2))
● The update() method inserts the items in set2 into set1
● The intersection_update() method will keep only the items that are
present in both sets
● The intersection() method will return a new set, that only contains
the items that are present in both sets
● The symmetric_difference_update() method will keep only the
elements that are NOT present in both sets.
● The symmetric_difference() method will return a new set, that
contains only the elements that are NOT present in both sets.

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