Basic Of

Networking
 Network Systems
• Network

• Network Topology

• Cabling

• OSI Reference Model

• Hub , Switch , Router

 What’s Network

Connecting one or more than one computer to each other in such

a way that they can share their hardware and software resources
called network.
 Network

• What’s network
• Physical types of network:
• LAN (Local Area Network).
• WAN (Wide Area Network).

• Logical types of network:

• Peer To Peer Networking.
• Server Base Networking.
LAN (Local Area Network)

• Network which is include in a single building or room can be defined as

LAN or we can say Intranet.
• LANs were limited to a range (from a central point to the most distant
computer) of 100 meters
WAN (Wide Area Network)

• A WAN is any network that crosses metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries

• Most networking professionals define a WAN as any network that uses routers and public network links. The Internet fits both
definitions.
• WANs differ from LANs in the following ways:
• WANs cover greater distances.
• WAN speeds are slower.
• WANs can use either full- or half-duplex communications. LANs have typically used half-duplex communications, although
most local area networks today use full-duplex communications.
Network Topologies
• Bus

• Ring

• Mesh

• Star
Bus Topology
• All devices receive the signal.
Ring Topology
Full-Mesh Topology
Partial-Mesh Topology
Star Topology
types of cables & Connectors

• Copper cable

• Coaxial

• Twisted Pair

• Fiber cable

• Fiber Optic Cable

Coaxial Cable
Cables Installation [cont.]
• Thinnet
Cables Installation
• Thicknet
 Twisted-Pair

• It’s well suited to the need of the modern network.

• Two Types T-P Cables
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
• The difference between STP and UTP is the extra shielding
cover of it.
• STP and UTP use RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45) Connector
• Maximum segment length for all types Twisted Pair is
100 meters
Twisted-Pair Cable
UTP Crimpling Tools
Crimpling UTP Cables
UTP Crimpling Standards
Straight Through Vs Crossover
Fiber Optic Cable

 25
Fiber Optic Connectors

 26
Access Methods
• Data in Medium like trains in railways
• Access Method Types:
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSMA/CD

• Token-Passing
CSMA/CD
Casting types
• Unicast : means send data for one of all receivers.

• Multicast: means send data for some receivers of all.

• Broadcast: means send data for all receivers.

Transmission types:

• Single: transmission in one direction only.

• Half duplex: transmission in the two directions but not at the same
time.
• Full duplex: transmission in the two directions at the same time.
OSI 7 layer
• OSI Open System Interconnection
• We want the system to be standard to can any one use it
• ISO International Standard Organization
• Make standarization to main task for operation ( IEEE)
OSI Model Overview
• ISO Made OSI
• Model for network operations
• Every Layer(s) have protocol(s) doing some Tasks
OSI Model Between Computers
 Encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
Upper Layer Data PDU
Session

TCP Header Upper Layer Data Transport

Segment

IP Header Data Network Packet

MAC Header Data FCS Data Link Frame

0101110101001000010 Physical
Bits
 De-encapsulating Data

Application
Presentation
Upper Layer Data
Session

Transport Upper Layer Data

ader
He
TCP
Network TCP+ Upper Layer Data
eader
IP H

LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data

Data Link ea der
MA CH

Physical
0101110101001000010
7- Application Layer
• HTTP : Browsing protocol
• FTP : File Transfer Protocol
• TFTP : Trivial FTP
• Telnet : Remote access protocol
• SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer protocol
• SNMP : Simple Network Management Protocol
6- presentation layer
• Format of data

• Compression & decompression of data

• Encoding & decoding of data

5- session layer
• Set a logical connection ( session) between different application

• Specifies communication mode

• ( simple - Half duplex – full duplex )
4- Transport layer

• Flow control

• Error recovery
Windowing

Sender Receiver
Windowing
Sender Receiver

Window size = 3
Send 1

Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
Windowing
Sender Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 1

Window size = 3
Send 2 Packet 3 is
Window size = 3 Dropped
Send 3
ACK 3
Window size = 2
Windowing
Sender
Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 1

Window size = 3
Send 2
Packet 3 is
Window size = 3 Dropped
Send 3
ACK 3
Window size = 2
Window size = 2
Send 3
Window size =2
Send 4
Windowing
Sender Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 1

Window size = 3
Send 2 Packet 3 is
Dropped
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3
Window size = 2
Window size = 2
Send 3
Window size = 2
Send 4
ACK 5
Window size = 2
Transport Layer Overview

Transmission
Transmission Control
Control Connection-Oriented
Application Protocol
Protocol (TCP)
(TCP)

Transport User Connectionless

User Datagram
Datagram
Protocol
Protocol (UDP)
(UDP)
Internet

Data Link

Physical
TCP Three Way Handshake/Open
Connection Host A Host B

1 Send SYN
(seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received
2
Send SYN, ACK
SYN received (seq=300 ack=101)

3 Established
(seq=101 ack=301)
* Popular TCP/UDP application:

Port Application

80 HTTP

443 HTTPS

21 FTP TCP

25 SMTP

23 telnet

53 DNS

67 DHCP
UDP
161 SNMP

69 TFTP
TCP Port Numbers
Source
Source Dest.
Dest. …
…
Port
Port Port
Port

Telnet Z
Host A Host Z

SP DP Dest. port = 23.

1028 23 … Send packet to my
1028 23 …
Telnet
application.
TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source
Source Dest.
Dest. Sequence
Sequence Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement …
…
Port
Port Port
Port ## ##

I just
sent #10.

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10 1
TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source
Source Dest.
Dest. Sequence
Sequence Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement …
…
Port
Port Port
Port ## ##

I just
sent #10. I just got #10,
now I need #11.

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

1028
1028 2323 10
10 11
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
23
23 1028
1028 11 11
11
TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source
Source Dest.
Dest. Sequence
Sequence Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement …
…
Port
Port Port
Port ## ##

I just
sent #10.
I just got #10,
now I need #11.

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
1028
1028 2323 10
10 11
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
23
23 1028
1028 11 11
11

1028
1028 23
23 11
11 22
TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source
Source Dest.
Dest. Sequence
Sequence Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement
Port
Port Port
Port …
…
## ##

I just
sent #11.
I just got #11,
now I need #12

Source Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

Dest. Seq. Ack.
1028
1028 2323 10
10 11
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
23
23 1028
1028 11 11
11

1028
1028 23
23 11
11 22
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
23
23 1028
1028 22 12
12
TCP Segment Format

Source port (16) Destination port (16)

Sequence number (32)

20
Acknowledgement number (32) Bytes
Header
Reserved (6) Code bits (6)
length (4) Window (16)

Checksum (16) Urgent (16)

Options (0 or 32 if any)

Data (varies)
UDP Segment Format

Source port (16) Destination port (16)

8 Bytes

Length (16) Checksum (16)

Data (if any)

• No sequence or acknowledgment fields
3-Network layer

1-routing 2-IP addressing

Application
Internet
Internet Protocol
Protocol (IP)
(IP)
Internet
Internet Control
Control Message
Message
Transport
Protocol
Protocol (ICMP)
(ICMP)
Address
Address Resolution
Resolution
network
Protocol
Protocol (ARP)
(ARP)
Reverse
Reverse Address
Address
Data Link
Resolution
Resolution Protocol
Protocol (RARP)
(RARP)

Physical
 * ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol):
- To provide information message concerning routing of IP datagram.

* Ping command:
- To test basic IP connectivity.
- Uses the ICMP sending called an ICMP echo request to another IP address.
- The computer with IP address should replay with an ICMP echo replay.

Error message:

Request time out Destination unreachable

* TraceRoute or trace (on Router), Tracert (on PC)

- To trace the hops (network layer devices) between 2 points on a network.
- TTL is incremental by 1 in each packet group.
- Every Router decrements the TTL by 1.

- If the Router receives a packet TTL=1, must send a time exceeded error.
 The tracert Utility

• The TCP/IP Trace Route (tracert) command-line utility will show you
every router interface a TCP/IP packet passes through on its way to a
destination.
Address Resolution Protocol

I need the Ethernet

address of
176.16.3.2.

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP:
IP: 172.16.3.2
172.16.3.2 == ???
???
MAC address : hardware address

bit 48

bit 24 bit 24
( vendor) IEEE
Address Resolution Protocol

I need the Ethernet I heard that broadcast. The

address of message is for me. Here is
176.16.3.2. my Ethernet address.

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP:
IP: 172.16.3.2
172.16.3.2 == ???
???
Address Resolution Protocol

I need the Ethernet I heard that broadcast. The

address of message is for me. Here is
176.16.3.2. my Ethernet address.

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP:
IP: 172.16.3.2
172.16.3.2 == ???
???

IP:
IP: 172.16.3.2
172.16.3.2
Ethernet:
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
0800.0020.1111
Address Resolution Protocol

I need the Ethernet I heard that broadcast. The

address of message is for me. Here is
176.16.3.2. my Ethernet address.

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

• Map IP Ethernet
IP:
IP: 172.16.3.2
172.16.3.2 == ???
???
• Local ARP IP:
IP: 172.16.3.2
172.16.3.2
Ethernet:
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
0800.0020.1111
Reverse ARP

What is my
IP address?

Ethernet:
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
0800.0020.1111 IP
IP == ???
???
Reverse ARP

I heard that
broadcast.
What is my
Your IP address
IP address?
is 172.16.3.25.

Ethernet:
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
0800.0020.1111 IP
IP == ???
???
Reverse ARP

I heard that
broadcast.
What is my
Your IP address
IP address?
is 172.16.3.25.

Ethernet:
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
0800.0020.1111 IP
IP == ???
???

Ethernet:
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
0800.0020.1111
IP:
IP: 172.16.3.25
172.16.3.25
Reverse ARP

I heard that
broadcast.
What is my
Your IP address
IP address?
is 172.16.3.25.

• Map Ethernet IP
Ethernet:
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
0800.0020.1111 IP
IP == ???
???

Ethernet:
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
0800.0020.1111
IP:
IP: 172.16.3.25
172.16.3.25
ARP
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• it is used to translate TCP/IP addresses to MAC (media access control)
addresses using broadcasts.
• The ARP table contains two kinds of entries:
• Dynamic
• Static
• Dynamic ARP table entries are created whenever the Windows TCP/IP
stack makes an ARP request and the MAC address is not found in the
ARP table. The ARP request is broadcast on the local segment. When the
MAC address of the requested IP address is found, that information is
added to the ARP table.
 ARP Switches
• ARP -a
• You’ll see something similar to the following:
• ARP -s [IP Address] [MAC Address]
• ARP -s 204.153.163.5 00-a0-c0-ab-c3-11
• ARP –d
• ARP -d 204.153.163.5
• This deletes the entry from the ARP table in memory.

Interface: 204.153.163.3 on Interface 2

Type Physical Address Internet Address

dynamic a0–c9–d4–bc–dc–00 204.153.163.2

dynamic a0–c0–aa–b1–45–00 204.153.163.4
 DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.

Host DHCP server

A B

1- DHCP Discover:
Src. MAC Dst. MAC Src. IP Dst. IP data

A FF. FF .FF. FF .FF. FF 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 I need IP

2- DHCP offer message:

Src. MAC Dst. MAC Src. IP Dst. IP data

B A DHCP IP 0.0.0.0 IP IS
 3- DHCP Request Message:

Src. MAC Dst. MAC Src. IP Dst. IP data

A B 0.0.0.0 DHCP IP OK

4- DHCP Acknowledgment:

Src. MAC Dst. MAC Src. IP Dst. IP data

B A DHCP IP 0.0.0.0 IP IS
 DNS
(Domain Name System): Resolve known name to
unknown IP.
2- Data link
• Data Frame Format

• Arbitration : find the best time to send the data ( CSMA/CD & token)

• Error detection
• 1- parity check : but very weak
• 2-CRC : Depend on mathematical equation
Physical Layer
• Converts Data To Signals
• Defines network Media type
• Defines cables types
• The physical component must be supported by Data-Link Layer
 Network Device Domains
Hub Bridge Switch Router

Collision Domains:
1 4 4 4
Broadcast Domains:
1 1 1 4
Question

Broadcast ?? collision ??

A B C D
A B C D
Question

Broadcast ?? collision ??

A B C D
A B C D
Question

Broadcast ?? collision ??

A B C D
A B C D
Question

Broadcast ?? collision ??

C B A
C B A
Ethernet Switches and Bridges

• Address learning
• Forward/filter decision
MAC Address Table

• Initial MAC address table is empty.

Learning Addresses

• Station A sends a frame to station C.

• Switch caches the MAC address of station A to port E0 by learning the
source address of data frames.
• The frame from station A to station C is flooded out to all ports except
port E0 (unknown unicasts are flooded).
Learning Addresses (Cont.)

• Station D sends a frame to station C.

• Switch caches the MAC address of station D to port E3 by learning the source
address of data frames.
• The frame from station D to station C is flooded out to all ports except port
E3 (unknown unicasts are flooded).
Filtering Frames

• Station A sends a frame to station C.

• Destination is known; frame is not flooded.
Helper For
Training