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33 views44 pages

CCN - Lecture2

Uploaded by

farhan ghafoor
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Communication and Networks

Lecture 2
Network Model

Engr. Farhan Ghafoor


Software Engineering Departments
2.1 COE (College of Engineering
2-1 LAYERED ARCHITECTURE

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an


example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.

Topics discussed in this section:


Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy

2.2
Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.3
2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

Topics discussed in this section:


Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation

2.4
Note

ISO is the organization.


OSI is the model.

2.5
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.6
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.7
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.8
2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each


layer in the OSI model.

Topics discussed in this section:


Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

2.9
Figure 2.5 Physical layer

2.10
Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of


individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.11
Figure 2.6 Data link layer

2.12
Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving


frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.13
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.14
Figure 2.8 Network layer

2.15
Note

The network layer is responsible for the


delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.16
Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.17
Figure 2.10 Transport layer

2.18
Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery


of a message from one process to another.

2.19
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.20
Figure 2.12 Session layer

2.21
Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog


control and synchronization.

2.22
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.23
Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,


compression, and encryption.

2.24
Figure 2.14 Application layer

2.25
Note

The application layer is responsible for


providing services to the user.

2.26
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.27
2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly


match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.

Topics discussed in this section:


Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.28
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.29
2-5 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing


the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:


Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

2.30
Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

2.31
Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

2.32
Example 2.1

In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a


frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the
figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is
the receiver.

2.33
Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

2.34
Example 2.2

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical


address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown
below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

2.35
Example 2.3

Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers


connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.

2.36
Figure 2.20 IP addresses

2.37
Example 2.4

Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the


Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.

2.38
Figure 2.21 Port addresses

2.39
Note

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,


but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

2.40
Example 2.5

A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one


decimal number as shown.

753

A 16-bit port address represented


as one single number.

2.41
Internet Group Management Protocol
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is a protocol that allows
several devices to share one IP address so they can all receive the same
data. IGMP is a network layer protocol used to set up multicasting on
networks that use the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4).

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)


ICMP is a network level protocol. ICMP messages communicate
information about network connectivity issues back to the source of the
compromised transmission.

DNS, or the Domain Name System, translates human readable domain


names (for example, www.amazon.com) to machine readable IP
addresses (for example, 192.0.2.44).

What is HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)? The Hypertext Transfer


Protocol is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative,
hypermedia information systems that allows users to communicate
data on the World Wide Web.

2.42
The File Transfer Protocol is a standard communication protocol used for the
transfer of computer files from a server to a client on a computer network. FTP is
built on a client–server model architecture using separate control and data
connections between the client and the server.

The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is an Internet standard communication protocol


for electronic mail transmission. Mail servers and other message transfer agents
use SMTP to send and receive mail messages.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an application-layer protocol for


monitoring and managing network devices on a local area network (LAN) or wide
area network (WAN). The purpose of SNMP is to provide network devices, such as
routers, servers and printers, with a common language for sharing information with
a network management system (NMS).
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a procedure for mapping a dynamic
IP address to a permanent physical machine address in a local area network (
LAN). The physical machine address is also known as a media access control (
MAC) address.
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is a protocol a physical
machine in a local area network (LAN) can use to request its IP address.

2.43
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is an IP Transport Layer
protocol. SCTP exists at an equivalent level with User Datagram Protocol
(UDP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which provides transport
layer functions to many Internet applications.

User datagram protocol (UDP) operates on top of the Internet Protocol


(IP) to transmit datagrams over a network. UDP does not require the
source and destination to establish a three-way handshake before
transmission takes place.
TCP is one of the main protocols in TCP/IP networks. Whereas the IP protocol deals
only with packets, TCP enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange
streams of data. TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that packets will
be delivered in the same order in which they were sent.

2.44

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