AIRFIELD DESIGN,

CONFIGURATION AND
MANAGEMENT

AVM-6022
CLASS OUTLINE

The airfield and its component

Runway and Taxiway
Runway Configuration and Capacity
Factors that affect runway capacity
Runway Demand Management
Runway Development
Apron and Landside Interface
Airfield Management
Aerodrome Safeguarding

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DEFINITIONS
AERODROME
A defined area on land or water (including any buildings,
installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in
part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.

APRON
A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate
aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or
cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance.

RUNWAY
A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the
landing and take-off of aircraft.

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DEFINITIONS
MANEUVERING AREA
That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and
taxiing of aircraft, excluding aprons.

MOVEMENT AREA
That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and
taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the
apron(s).

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DEFINITIONS
TAXIWAY
A defined path on a land aerodrome established for the taxiing of
aircraft and intended to provide a link between one part of the
aerodrome and another, including:
a) Aircraft stand taxi lane: A portion of an apron designated as a
taxiway and intended to provide access to aircraft stands only
b) Apron taxiway: A portion of a taxiway system located on an
apron and intended to provide a through taxi route across the
apron.
c) Rapid exit taxiway: A taxiway connected to a runway at an
acute angle and designed to allow landing aero planes to turn
off at higher speeds than are achieved on other exit taxiways
thereby minimizing runway occupancy times.

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 THE AIRFIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS

• An airfield is an area where aircraft can land and take off. It includes runways, taxiways,
aprons, and other areas

• The main components of an airfield are runways, taxiways, aircraft servicing platforms,
operational readiness platforms, and maneuvering areas.

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 RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY

• A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of
aircraft.

• A defined path on a land aerodrome established for the taxiing of aircraft and intended to
provide a link between one part of the aerodrome and another, including Aircraft stand taxi
lane, Apron taxiway, Rapid exit taxiway

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RUNWAY

Threshold Marking
Runway Designation
Marking
Runway Centerline Marking
Aiming point marking
Touchdown zone marking
Runway edge marking

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TAXIWAY

Taxiway Centerline Marking

Taxiway edge marking
Holding point Marking

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RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
AND CAPACITY
 An airport runway is a designated pathway at the airport where aircraft
can take off and land safely. It’s important for ensuring smooth
operations during flights, as it supports the heavy loads and high
frequency of aircraft taking off and landing.
 The most common materials used for runway pavement are asphalt and
concrete. These materials are selected for their durability and ability to
withstand the immense pressures exerted by large runways during the
constant stress of landings and take-offs.
 Runways accommodate the specific needs of the aircraft expected to
use them. This includes considerations for runway lengths, which must
be sufficient for planes to accelerate to adequate speeds for take-off or
to stop safely upon landing.

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RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
AND CAPACITY

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RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
AND CAPACITY
Types Of Airport Runways
1. Visual Runways
Visual runways are primarily used under clear weather conditions where pilots
can navigate and land the aircraft using visual references.
2. Non-Precision Instrument Runways
Non-precision instrument runways offer a significant advancement over visual
runways, incorporating more sophisticated markings and lighting systems.
3. Precision Instrument Runways
Precision instrument runways represent the runway technology with the safest
and most efficient landing and take-off operations under various weather
conditions. These runways are equipped with advanced navigational aids, such
as the Instrument Landing System (ILS), which provides aircraft with horizontal
and vertical guidance.
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FACTORS THAT AFFECT
RUNWAY CAPACITY
Runway capacity is affected by many factors, including the number of
runways, aircraft type, weather, and air traffic control.
Number of Runways
The number of runways available at an airport limits the number of planes
that can take off and land. When there are multiple runways, the capacity
of the airport's terminal also affects the airport's overall capacity.
Aircraft Type
The size, weight, and performance of an aircraft determines the length
and width of the runway it needs.
Weather Conditions can affect an airport's capacity.
Air Traffic Control
Air traffic control rules and procedures can affect an airport's capacity.
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RECAP

Definitions
The airfield and its component
Runway and Taxiway
Runway Configuration and Capacity
Factors that affect runway capacity

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 RUNWAY DEMAND MANAGEMENT
Demand management
Runway demand management is the process of optimizing the sequencing of aircraft arrivals
and departures at an airport. This is done to ensure safety and operational requirements while
reducing delays and congestion. Balancing flight schedules, encouraging off-peak travel, and
incentivizing efficient use of airport resources can help maximize an airport's capacity.

Why demand Management ?

• Runways have limited capacity, and delays can be costly for airlines and passengers
• Demand management can reduce flight delays and congestion costs
• Demand management can also help airports avoid the costs of constraining airline schedules

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 RUNWAY DEMAND MANAGEMENT
Physical Infrastructure: This is the foundation, including:
Runway Configuration: Number of runways, their length, width, and separation distances all play a role.
Terminal Capacity: How many gates are available to accommodate arriving and departing passengers and
aircraft.
Taxiway Network: The efficiency of the taxiing system between runways and terminals impacts how quickly
aircraft can move around.
Air Traffic Control (ATC): The guardians of the skies, ATC ensures safe separation between aircraft. Their
technology and staffing levels directly affect how many flights can be managed.
Operational Procedures: Every minute counts. Streamlined procedures for boarding, deboarding, cargo handling,
and refueling all contribute to smoother traffic flow.
Environmental Factors: Weather conditions like wind, fog, and low visibility can significantly reduce capacity.
Market Factors: Passenger demand and airline schedules determine the volume of air traffic at an airport.
External Factors: Economic conditions, social events, and even airspace restrictions can influence airport and
runway capacity.

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 RUNWAY DEMAND MANAGEMENT
Airport Collaborative Decision-Making (A-CDM) systems: Help airports manage demand and
improve aircraft flows
Slot coordination: Helps manage demand and mitigate congestion
Runway and gate allocation: Helps manage demand and optimize capacity
Passenger flow simulations: Helps manage demand and improve operations
Advanced analytics: Helps manage demand and make data-driven decisions
Economic incentives: Such as congestion pricing and slot auctions, help manage demand and
mitigate congestion.

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RUNWAY DEVELOPMENT
Paved runways are made of concrete or asphalt, while unpaved runways
are made of natural materials like grass, gravel, or sand.

Paved runways Unpaved runways

Material: Concrete or Material: Grass, gravel, sand,
asphalt clay, hard packed soil mixtures
Features: Smooth surface Features: More
for aircraft landing environmentally friendly and
Maintenance: Grooves are cost-effective than paved
added to increase traction runways
and prevent aquaplaning Maintenance: Require more
Cost: Concrete is more maintenance than paved
durable but more expensive runways
than asphalt
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RUNWAY DEVELOPMENT
RUNWAY DEVELOPMENT
Flexible Pavement
A runway, taxiway, or ramp that is surfaced with a mixture of asphaltic materials
(asphalt and aggregate) of from 3 to 5 inches (8 to 13 centimeters) or more in
thickness. This type of construction qualifies a runway to be referred to as "hard
surfaced" or "paved". (Also known as an "asphalt" pavement.)

Rigid Pavement
A runway, taxiway, or ramp that is surfaced with a mixture of concrete materials
(portland cement, sand, coarse aggregate, and water) of from 6 to 20 inches (15
to 51 centimeters) or more in thickness. Typical narrow body runways usually
have 11 to 13 inches (28 to 33 centimeters) of concrete thickness, and runways
that serve wide body aircraft usually have 17 to 20 inches (43 to 51 centimeters)
of concrete thickness. This type of construction qualifies a runway to be referred
to as "hard surfaced" or "paved". (Also known as a "concrete" pavement.)

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RUNWAY DEVELOPMENT
Macadam (sometimes called tarmacadam, or tarmac)
Uniformly sized stones rolled or compacted in-place, and usually sealed by an
asphalt treatment that penetrates into the uppermost portion of the surface, or
coated with tar or bitumen. Usually such surfaces are thin by typical airport
standards, on the order of 1 to 2 inches (2 to 5 centimeters) thick.

Gravel runway
A runway, typically constructed of a mixture of compacted soils and stones, with
a surface that is not bound by any additives (neither asphaltic nor cementitious).
Such runways are classified as "unpaved" and are sometimes referred to as
"unimproved". A grass runway usually does not qualify as a gravel runway.

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RUNWAY DEVELOPMENT
Seal Coat
This type of runway is usually an unpaved (gravel) runway, the surface of which
has been treated with a spray sealant (usually asphaltic or resinous) to create a
well-textured, waterproof surface that typically has a total thickness of less than
one inch (one to two centimeters). Such surfaces generally do not stand up well
to high tire pressures or high wheel loads, but if the surface is unbroken, the
runway is considered paved (or hard surfaced).

Slurry Seal
A mixture of well-graded fine aggregate, mineral filler, emulsified asphalt and
water, applied to a runway as a surface treatment. Slurry seals are generally
only applied to previously paved surfaces.

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PAVEMENT CLASSIFICATION NUMBER
The bearing strength of a pavement intended for aircraft of apron (ramp) mass
greater than 5 700 kg shall be made available using the aircraft classification
number-pavement classification number (ACN-PCN) method by reporting all of
the following information:

a) pavement classification number (PCN);

b) pavement type for ACN-PCN determination;
c) subgrade strength category;
d) maximum allowable tire pressure category or maximum allowable tire
pressure value; and
e) evaluation method.

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PAVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
NUMBER

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PAVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
NUMBER

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RECAP

Runway Demand Management

Runway Development
Apron and Landside Interface

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 APRON AND LANDSIDE
INTERFACE
An airport's apron is a landside area
where aircraft are parked, loaded,
unloaded, and maintained. It connects
the terminal buildings to the
airfield. Landside areas include parking
lots, fuel tank farms and access
roads. Airside areas include all areas
accessible to aircraft, including runways,
taxiways and ramps.

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APRON AND LANDSIDE
INTERFACE

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AIRFIELD MANAGEMENT
Airfield Management
Airfield Management is responsible for routine airport safety inspections, maintenance
coordination, oversight of airport pavements, Visual Navigational Aids and Facilities, airfield
components, and the enforcement of DoD or Host Nation airfield design criteria.

Airport management is the administration of airports. It includes the activities of setting

the strategy of airports to gather and provide information on airline commercial and
operational priorities. It covers
• Flight Management • Transaction Management
• Technical Support • Flight flow management
• Employee Management • Security Management
• Facility Management • Warehouse Management
• Passenger Management

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AIRFIELD MANAGEMENT

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AERODROME SAFEGUARDING
Aerodrome safeguarding is a process that protects the safety of an aerodrome and its operations from
nearby development. It's a legal requirement under the ICAO regulations.

Purpose
• Ensures the safety of aircraft, passengers, and crew
• Ensures the safe operation of aircraft landing and departing
• Protects the airspace around the aerodrome

How it works
Airports consult with local agencies on planning applications
Airports offer pre-planning assessments to developers
Airports review and agree on a response to the LPA
Airports maintain records and provide support with CAA audits

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AERODROME SAFEGUARDING
Examples of safeguarding measures
 Protecting visual aids, such as runway and approach lighting
 Avoiding bird strikes
 Preventing construction-induced turbulence
 Preventing collision with obstacles
 Protecting the integrity of radar and other navigation aids
 Protecting aircraft from glint and glare
Challenges
 The rules and concepts can be complex and misunderstood
 Protection surfaces can be restrictive, leading to conflicts
between developers and airspace users

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REFERENCES
ICAO ANEX-14
FAA. (2017). Airport Capacity Profiles: Summary
Report. Retrieved from
https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/profiles
/

ACI. (2019). Airport Operations and Management: Key

Factors Affecting Airport Capacity. Retrieved from
https://www.aci.aero/publication/airport-operations-an
d-management-key-factors-affecting-airport-capacity/

ICAO. (2013). Airport Planning Manual. Retrieved from

https://www.icao.int/sustainability/Documents/Volume 33
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