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Lecture 3

The document discusses the concepts of biostatistics, focusing on measurement accuracy, errors, significant digits, and data collection methods. It explains the differences between primary and secondary data, along with various techniques for collecting primary data. Additionally, it outlines rules for rounding numbers and the significance of significant digits in measurements.

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asadrahim0313
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6 views14 pages

Lecture 3

The document discusses the concepts of biostatistics, focusing on measurement accuracy, errors, significant digits, and data collection methods. It explains the differences between primary and secondary data, along with various techniques for collecting primary data. Additionally, it outlines rules for rounding numbers and the significance of significant digits in measurements.

Uploaded by

asadrahim0313
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is Biostatistics

Part C
Dr. Asad Khan
DPT(KMU), MS-OMPT
Continuous variables can never be
measured with perfect fineness.

The measurements are recorded nearest to


the true value.

The true or actual value assumed to exist.


Degree of Accuracy
As a general rule:
The degree of accuracy is half a unit each
side of the unit of measure.
Errors of Measurement
Difference between the true value and the
measured value = Absolute Error
Absolute error/true value= Relative Error
Relative error multiplied by 100=
Percentage Error
Significant Digits

The significant digits in a number are those


that represent accurate and meaningful
information.
Non-zero digits are always significant.
With zeroes, the situation is more
complicated.
a) Zeros are significant if they follow a decimal
point and conclude a no.
b) Zeros are always significant if it is placed
between other digits.
c) Zeros are non-significant if they follow a
decimal point but do not conclude a no.
Cont..
 D.
 Trailing zeros in a whole number with no decimal
shown are NOT significant. Writing just "540" indicates
that the zero is NOT significant, and there are only TWO
significant figures in this value.
 Trailing zeros in a whole number with the decimal
shown ARE significant.
 Placing a decimal at the end of a number is usually not
done. By convention, however, this decimal indicates a
significant zero. For example, "540." indicates that the
trailing zero IS significant; there are THREE significant
figures in this value.
 Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal ARE
significant.
 There are FOUR significant figures in 92.00.
 For a number in scientific notation: N x 10 x, all
digits comprising N ARE significant.
Rounding off a Number:
Rounding means making a
number simpler but keeping its value close to
what it was.
Mean that a certain digit counted from left are
to be retained and the last few digits are to be
a) Dropped in a decimal no.
b) Replaced with zero in case of whole no.
Cont..
Rules for rounding off decimal numbers are as
follow:
a) The last significant digit is increased by 1, if
the first digit of the remainder to be dropped
is 5 or more than 5.
b) The last digit remained unaltered, if the first
digit of the remainder to be dropped is 4 or
less.
c) When the digit to be dropped is exactly 5
then the practice is to increase the last
significant digit by 1 if it is odd no. or leave it
unaltered if it is an even no.
Cont...
For rounding off whole numbers,
Data:
Data: individual pieces of information.

Primary Data: Data that have been originally


collected (raw data) and have not undergone
any sort of statistical treatment.

Secondary Data: Data that have undergone


any sort of statistical treatment at least once.
Collection of Primary Data
1. Direct Personal Investigation:
Investigator collect the information personally
from the individual concerned.
Advantages: Information is quite accurate and
complete.
Disadvantages: costly and time consuming
2. Indirect Investigation:
Third parties or witnesses having information
are interviewed.
Cont..
3. Questionnaire: An inquiry form consisting of
pertinent questions with space for entering the
information asked.
4. Collection through Enumerators: here trained
enumerators are employed to assist the
informant in making the entries in the
questionnaires correctly.
5. local Sources: no formal collection of data but
the local correspondents are directed to collect
and sent the required information on the basis
of their own judgement.
6. Computer Interviews: Respondents enter the
data directly into the a computer in response to
questions presented on monitor.
Secondary data Sources

Internal Secondary Data Sources: Data


collected within the organization itself such as
reports and accounting records.
External Secondary Data sources:
Publications of ministery of Finance, food,
agriculture, industry, labour
State bank of Pakistan, Railway Board, district
councils
Publication of trade association and chamber
of commerce
Research organization such as universities
Thank you

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