What’s the differences between exploration

and reservoir geophysics ?

Course 2015
 In exploration, we often require
extrapolating well data from far outside the
area of interest, crossing faults, sequence
boundaries, and occasionally worse
discontinuities. The availability of “analogs” is
an important component of exploration, and
the level of confidence on the resulting
interpretation is limited.
Reservoir geophysics assume that well
control is available within the area of the
geophysical survey, that well designed
geophysical survey can be conducted at a
level of detail that will be useful, and that
some understanding of the rock physics is
available for interpretation. Pennington, 2001
Course 2015
 Key words in Reservoir Geophysics:
• Well control
• Rock Physics control
• Well designed and properly processed
seismic data

Why?
• Quantify Seismic Interpretation
• Understand the links between geology and
seismic
• Quantify Uncertainty

Course 2015
 To discover and understand relations
between
• Seismic Attributes and
• Rock and Fluid Properties
Seismic Rock and Fluid
Quantitative Properties
Attributes

Velocity, Rock type, Mineralogy,

Impedance, Porosity, Pore Fluids,
Reflectivity, AVO, Saturation, Stress,
Attenuation, Pore, Pressure,
Complex Temperature.
Attributes, Etc.
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 Seismic Based Reservoir Characterization
Workflow

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 Acoustic
Reflectivity
Course 2015 Impedance
  VP   VS
R(  ) a b c
VP  VS
Aki-Richard’s Approximation

R(  )  A  B sin 2   C tan 2  sin 2 

Wiggin’s Approximation

 1  2  
B  A D  2( 1  D )  
AVO/ AVA Amplitude  1    ( 1   )2
versus Offset/ Angle Shuey’s Equation

Course 2015
 Original Seismic

Seismic Inversion Method

P-Impedance

From boundary properties into layer properties

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 The Band-Limited Effect

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 AVO

Course 2015
 Factor that change the amplitudes of
seismic trace can be grouped into the earth
effects, acquisition-related effects, and noise (Dey-Sarkar et al,
1986) + processing induced artifacts (Satinder Chopra, 2005).

Earth effects include spherical divergence, absorption,

transmission losses, inter-bed multiples, converted phases,
tuning, anisotropy, and structure.

Acquisition-related effects include source and receiver coupling

variations, lateral changes in weathered layer properties, source
and receiver arrays, and receiver sensitivity. Noise can be
ambient or source-generated, coherent or random.

Processing attempts to compensate for or remove the above

effects, and can in the process change relative trace amplitudes.

Course 2015
 Factors affecting amplitudes are shown in red for the sources,
and green for those in the earth. Numbers refer to Table below.
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 Factors affecting amplitudes are shown in blue for the
receivers, and violet for the recording systems. Numbers refer
to Table below.
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Course 2015
Simplified Preserved Amplitude Processing for AVO
Analysis

Figure 1. Processing flow chart used by Allen and

Peddy (1993). This processing flow will not
always produce attractive CMP gathers, but data
veracity should be maintained. If a seismic data set
requires more extensive processing in order to
image the target horizon, then AVO analysis for
prospect risk evaluation may be unreliable.
Coherency enhancement and the creation of super-
gathers are optional, and should be applied only
when data quality is poor. (Allen & Peddy,
1993)

18
 Preserved Amplitude Processing for AVO Analysis

AVO Processing should preserve or restore relative trace

amplitude within CMP gathers.

Reflections must be correctly positioned in the subsurface.

Data quality should be sufficient to ensure that reflection
amplitudes contain information about reflection coefficients.

The production of AVO interpretation aids are also a part of

AVO processing. An AVO interpretation is only as good as the
seismic processing behind it.

Aspects of processing important to AVO analysis are

preserving relative trace amplitude, correctly positioning
reflectors, improving data quality, and producing interpretation
aids such as specialized AVO display.

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“The ultimate goal in
preserved amplitude
seismic processing is to yield
amplitudes that are a
measure of reflectivity in
the subsurface”.
s(t) = w(t) * r(t) + n(t)
Seismic Seismic Seismic Seismic
amplitude Wavelet reflectivity noises

20
 +
Receiver and
Recording
System’s
Source and
effects
Earth’s
effects
Pre-Stack

Post-Stack

S(t) = w(t) * r(t) + n(t)

Simplified
Preserved
Amplitude
21
Processing
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Course 2015
“The ultimate goal in
preserved amplitude
seismic processing is to yield
amplitudes that are a
measure of reflectivity in
the subsurface”.
s(t) = w(t) * r(t) + n(t)
Seismic Seismic Seismic Seismic
amplitude Wavelet reflectivity noises

26
 Exercise-1

“amplitude preserved”
“true amplitude”
“relative amplitude”
“controlled amplitude”

How are these terms different

and in what context is each
used?
Course 2015
 Exercise-2

Having done the ritual of a

sophisticated preserved amplitude
processing.
How can we know it preserved
amplitudes ?

Course 2015
 Natural Flow of Thought

Preserved
Amplitude Data
AVO Analysis

AVO Inversion:
Seismic Complex
Attributes and Elastic (and Extended Elastic)
their derivatives Impedance Inversion;
Simultaneous Angle
Dependant Inversion; etc

Reservoir
Characterization

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 AVO Analysis:
Rock Physics Basic;
Basic AVO Primer:
AVO Classification; AVO Attributes;
AVO uncertainties

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 Vp, Vs, Rho

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 4
K sat   sat
VP  3
 sat

 sat
Vs 
 sat

ρsat  ρm(1  )  ρw Sw   ρhc(1  Sw )

Vp, Vs, and Rho in a porous reservoir rock

K sat K dry K fl
 sat   dry  
K m  K sat K m  K dry  ( K m  K fl )
Biot – Gassman Relation

 1 1 1 new 1
   
K P K dry K m K dry _ new KP Km
Kdry as a function of porosity and pore stiffness

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Basic Rock Physics
 Xu-Payne, 2009

Schematic view of one implementation of the CARBONATE rock-physics model

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Conventional Reservoir
 Zhu et.al, 2012

Schematic view of one implementation of the TOC rock-physics model

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Un-Conventional Reservoir
 For the most part, applying Rock Physics
directly to the seismic wiggles, requires a
modeling or inversion step.

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 Forward Modeling

Inverse Modeling

37
 Shale

Sand
Coal

P-impedance vs Gamma Ray

It is difficult to discriminate between

sandstone – shale based solely on P-
impedance. Sandstone-Shale-Coal

Course 2015
 Shale

Sand
Coal

Lambda-Rho vs Gamma Ray

Better separation between sandstone – shale

based on Lambda-Rho

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 After Mavko, 2007

Course 2015
 AVO Inversion:
LMR, Elastic (and Extended Elastic)
Impedance Inversion; Simultaneous
Angle Dependant Inversion; Density
Inversion; etc

Course 2015
 PRE-STACK SEISMIC INVERSION and
NEW METHODS in SEISMIC INVERSION

• LMR Direct Inversion

• Elastic Impedance
• Extended Elastic Impedance
• Simultaneous Inversion
• Stochastic Inversion/ Bayesian Inversion
• Basis Pursuit Seismic Inversion

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 Reservoir Characterization:
How to integrate the available information (wells and
seismic) to deliver integrated subsurface model for field
development using Amplitude versus Offset (AVO)
Modeling, Seismic Inversion including Simultaneous
Angle Dependant Inversion and Geo-statistical/
Stochastic approaches.
Course 2015
 “ Finding PLAY that PAY “

Course 2015
 Seismic Data
Data Quality
Accurate Wavelet

Amplitude Velocity
Preserved Analysis

PS(T/D)M Partial Angle

Stacks
Understanding the limitations AVO/ Inversion
Methods
Well Logs
Reliability, Well
Editing, Calibration, Modeling calibrated

Petrophysical analysis, Rock Physics

Fluid substitution analysis

Understanding the expectations

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Contemplate Please …
 and also Contemplate that
…

Course 2015
“Wish Us Luck …”

47
 End of Slide

Course 2015