Random Sampling &

Statistical Measures:
A Mathematical Journey
Welcome to
Statistical
Exploration!
• Today we'll dive into the
world of sampling and
statistical analysis
• Discover how researchers
collect and analyze data
• Understanding the
fundamentals of
population and sample
selection
What is a
Population?
• A population includes ALL elements
in a specific set of data
• The population size is the total
number of observations

• Example: In a school with 1,850

students, the population is 1,850

• Probing Question: Can you think of a

population in your daily life?
 Understanding Samples

● A sample is a subset of a population

● Consists of one or more data points drawn from the entire
population

● Why use samples?

• Saves time
• Cost-effective
• Practical for large populations
Random
Sampling: The
Basics
• Random sampling gives
EVERY individual an
equal chance of being
selected
• Helps reduce bias in
research
• Ensures
representativeness of the
population

• Probing Question: Why is

equal chance important in
sampling?
Types of Random
Sampling

● Simple Random Sampling

● Systematic Random Sampling
● Stratified Random Sampling
● Cluster Sampling
● Each method has unique characteristics
and applications
Simple Random
Sampling
• Like drawing names from a
hat
• Each element has an equal
chance of selection

• Can use:
• Lottery method
• Random number generator
• Drawing numbered papers
Systematic
Random
Sampling
• Select every kth element
from a list
• Example: Selecting every
7th student
• Ensures systematic but
random selection

• Probing Question: How

might this method differ
from simple random
sampling?
Stratified
Random
Sampling
• Divide the population into
distinct subgroups (strata)
• Select samples
proportionally from each
group

• Examples of strata:
• Gender
• Age groups
• Grade levels
Cluster
Sampling
• Population divided into
clusters (like classes or
neighborhoods)
• Randomly select entire
clusters
• All members of selected
clusters become the
sample
• Useful for large,
geographically spread
populations
Types of Non-
Random Sampling
• Purposive Sampling
• Convenience Sampling
• Snowball Sampling
• Quota Sampling
• Each method has unique
characteristics and
applications
Purposive
or
Judgmental
Sampling
Selecting participants
with specific
characteristics
Convenience
Sampling
Selecting participants
who are easiest to
access
Snowball
Sampling
Using referrals from
participants to find
more people
Quota
Sampling
•Setting fixed numbers
(quotas) for specific
groups
 Sampling bias

Insufficient sample size

Potential Incorrect sampling method

Sampling
Challenges Non-representative samples

Probing Question: How can researchers

minimize these challenges?
Activity: Identifying
Sampling Methods

• Count from 1-8, then

group yourselves
according to your
number

• Each group should

choose an appropriate
sampling method
(random or non-
random) for their
scenario and justify their
choice.
Parameters vs. Statistics

● Parameters: Describe entire population

Represented by Greek letters (μ, σ)

● Statistics: Describe a sample

Represented by Roman letters (x̄ , s)
Examples:

Parameters vs. Statistics

Population Parameter Sample Statistics

Proportion of all US residents that Proportion of 2000 randomly sampled

support the death penalty. participants that support the death
penalty.
Median income of all college students in Median income of 850 college students
Massachusetts. in Boston and Wellesley.

Standard deviation of weights of all Standard deviation of weights of

avocados in the region. avocados from one farm.

Mean screen time of all high school Mean screen time of 3000 high school
students in India. students in India.
 🎲 Exploration Activity:
Dice Simulation (5-member group)
Objective
Investigate how sample means behave and understand the concept of a sampling
distribution through a hands-on experiment.
Materials Instructions:
Needed 1.Roll the Die Individually
•1 six-sided •Roll a standard 6-sided die 5 times.
die per •Record all 5 outcomes.
student (or •Calculate the mean (average) of the 5 numbers.
use a virtual
•This is your first sample mean.
die roller)
•Pen/pencil 2.Repeat
•Scratch paper •Repeat the same process two more times, for a total of
or printed 3 sample means per student.
data table 3.Share Your Results
•Optional:
•Write down your 3 sample means on a piece of paper
Calculator
•Board/ then submit them to the teacher (to be entered into a
Spreadsheet spreadsheet).
for class 4.Visualize
results •Once everyone has shared their data, observe the
distribution of all class sample means (can be shown as
a dot plot, bar graph, or histogram).
Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Means
Definition:
A sampling distribution of the sample mean is the probability distribution of
all possible sample means from all possible samples of a specific size n from a
population.

Example #1:
Population: {2, 4, 6, 8}
Population Mean (μ) = (2 + 4 + 6 + 8) / 4 = 5

All possible samples of size 2

without replacement:
• (2,4), (2,6), (2,8), (4,6), (4,8),
(6,8)
Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Means • (2,4), (2,6), (2,8), (4,6), (4,8), (6,8)
All possible samples of size 2 without replacement:

Sample Means

Sampling Distribution
of Sample Means
Mean of sample
means
 SAMPLE MEAN
Example #2: 2, 4, 9
A population consist of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 2, 4, 10
10, and 5. Let us list all possible samples of
size 3 from this population and compute the 2, 4, 5
mean of each sample.
2, 9, 10
• Step 1: Determine the number of 2, 9, 5
possible samples. Use the concept of
NCn 2, 10, 5

4, 9, 10

4, 9, 5

4, 10, 5

9, 10, 5 .00
• Step 2: Let us make a frequency
distribution of the sample means.
 SAMPLE FREQUENCY PROBABILITY
Example #2: 3.67
• Step 3: Create the Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Means 5.00
MEAN 5.33

5.67

6.00

6.33

7.00

7.67

8.00

Total

.00
 MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE
SAMPLE MEANS

● Statisticians do not just describe the

variation of the individual data values
about the mean of the population.
They are also interested to know how
the means of the samples of the
same size taken from a population
vary about the population mean.
 MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE
SAMPLE MEANS

Problem:
Consider a population consisting of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 10, and 5. Suppose samples of
size 2 are drawn from this population. Describe the sampling distribution of the
sample means.

Process Questions:
• What is the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means?
• How would you compare these values to the mean and variance of the population?
 MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE
SAMPLE MEANS
Here are the steps to consider:
1. Compute for the mean of the population.

2. Compute the variance of the population.

𝟐
∑( 𝑿 − 𝝁)
𝜎 2=
𝑁
 MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE
SAMPLE MEANS
Here are the steps to consider: SAMPLE MEAN

3. Determine the number of possible 2, 4, 9

samples of size n = 3 2, 4, 10

Use the concept of Combination: 2, 4, 5

2, 9, 10

2, 9, 5

2, 10, 5

4. List all Possible Samples and compute their 4, 9, 10

corresponding means:
4, 9, 5

4, 10, 5

9, 10, 5 .00
 MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE
SAMPLE MEANS
Here are the steps to SAMPLE PROBABILITY
FREQUENCY
consider:
3.67
5. Construct the sampling
distribution of the sample 5.00
means.
5.33

6. Compute the mean of 5.67

the sampling distribution of
6.00
the sample means, .
6.33

7.00

7.67

8.00

Total
 MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEANS

7. Compute the variance of SAMPLE PROBABILITY

the sampling distribution of

the sample means. 3.67

Follow these steps: 5.00

a. Subtract the population
mean, μ, from each sample 5.33
mean . Label this as .
5.67
b. Square the difference.
Label it as . 6.00

6.33
c. Multiply the results by
the corresponding 7.00
probability. Label this as .
7.67
d. Add the results.
8.00

Total
 MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEANS

SAMPLE PROBABILITY
7. Compute the variance of
the sampling distribution of
the sample means. 3.67

5.00

5.33

5.67

6.00

6.33

7.00

7.67

8.00

Total
 MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEANS

INTERPRETATION:
SEATWORK: SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
Sample means from a Finite Population
Consider the population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7. Suppose samples of size 4 are drawn
from this population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means. Compute for the
mean and the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Be guided by the first
illustration.

STEPS SOLUTION
1. Compute the mean of the population.
2. Compute the variance of the population.
3. Determine the number of possible samples of size n = 4
4. List all possible samples and compute their corresponding means.
5. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
6. Compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean.

7. Compute the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample

means.
Properties of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean
If all possible sample of size are drawn from a population of size with mean and
variance , then the sampling distribution of the sample means has the following
properties:
1.

2. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by:
 for the finite population; and`
 for infinite population

3. The standard deviation (Standard Error of the Mean) of the sampling distribution
of the sample means is given by:
 for finite population where is the finite population correction factor
 for the infinite population
 Properties of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean
for Finite Population
Example: Consider a population consisting of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 10,
and 5. Suppose samples of size 2 are drawn from this population.
Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means.
 • A good estimate of the mean is obtained if the standard error of the
mean is small or close to zero, while it is considered a poor estimate if
the standard error of the mean is large.

What happens to when increases?

𝜎 𝑥=
𝜎
√𝑛
∙
√ 𝑁 −𝑛
𝑁 −1
The Central Limit Theorem
Definition:
If random samples of size are drawn from a population, then as
becomes larger, the sampling distribution of the mean approaches the
normal distribution, regardless of the shape of the population distribution.
Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means from an
Infinite Population
Example 1: A population has a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 5.
A random sample of 16 measurements is drawn from the population.
Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means by computing its
mean and standard deviation.
STEPS SOLUTION

1. Identify the given information

We shall 2. Find the mean of the sampling
assume that distribution. Use the property of
the population
is infinite.
3. Find the standard deviation of the
sampling distribution. Use the property:
Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means from an
Infinite Population
Example 1: A population has a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 5.
A random sample of 16 measurements is drawn from the population.
Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means by computing its
mean and standard deviation.
STEPS SOLUTION

1. Identify the given information , , and

We shall 2. Find the mean of the sampling
assume that distribution. Use the property of
the population
is infinite.
3. Find the standard deviation of the
sampling distribution. Use the property:
Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means from an
Infinite Population
Example 2: The scores of individual students on a national test have a normal
distribution with mean 18.6 and standard deviation 5.9. At Federico Ramos Rural
High School, 76 students took the test. If the scores at this school have the same
distribution as national scores, what are the mean and standard deviation of the
sample mean for 76 students?

STEPS SOLUTION
We shall 1. Identify the given information
assume that
the population 2. Find the mean of the sampling
is infinite. distribution. Use the property of

3. Find the standard deviation of the

sampling distribution. Use the property:
Solving Problems involving Sampling
Distribution of the Sample Means
 Central limit theorem applies automatically to sampling from infinite
population.

 Consequently, it justifies the use of the formula .

where
= sample mean
= population mean
= population standard deviation
= sample size
Solving Problems involving Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

Problem: The average time it takes a group of students to complete a certain

examination is 46.2 minutes. The standard deviation is 8 minutes. Assume that
the variable is normally distributed.

a. What is the probability that a randomly selected student will complete the
examination in less than 43 minutes?
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Identify the given information.
2. Identify what is asked for.

3. Identify the formula to be used.

4. Solve the problem.

5. State the final answer.

Solving Problems involving Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

Problem: The average time it takes a group of students to complete a certain

examination is 46.2 minutes. The standard deviation is 8 minutes. Assume that
the variable is normally distributed.

a. What is the probability that a randomly selected student will complete the
examination in less than 43 minutes?
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Identify the given ,,
information.
2. Identify what is asked for.
3. Identify the formula to be Standardize 43 using the formula
used.
4. Solve the problem.

5. State the final answer. So, the probability that a randomly selected college student will
completes the examination in less than 43 minutes is 34.46%.
Solving Problems involving Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

Problem: The average time it takes a group of students to complete a certain

examination is 46.2 minutes. The standard deviation is 8 minutes. Assume that
the variable is normally distributed.
b. If 50 randomly selected college students take the examination, what is the
probability that the mean time it takes the group to complete the test will be less
than 43 minutes?
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Identify the given information.
2. Identify what is asked for.

3. Identify the formula to be used.

4. Solve the problem.

5. State the final answer.

• Sampling is crucial in research
• Multiple sampling methods exist
• Understand difference between
parameters and statistics
• Always consider sampling technique's
appropriateness
• Statistics can reveal hidden insights
• Sample means are close to the
population mean (on average).
• Sample means vary less than
individual data points.
• Sampling gives unbiased estimates of
the true average.
• Larger samples = more accurate
averages.
• This idea helps us make predictions
about a population without studying all
of it.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
Final Thought
• "Statistics can be made to
prove anything, even the truth"
• Stay curious
• Keep exploring mathematical
concepts
• Challenge assumptions
• Enjoy the journey of statistical
discovery!