Lecture 2

Control Systems: Introduction and Basic Terminology

Instructor Name: Dr. Abhishek Sharma

Outline
• Types of Control Systems
• Examples

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Types of Control System
• Natural Control System
• Universe
• Human Body

3
Types of Control System
• Manmade Control System
• Aeroplanes
• Chemical Process

4
Types of Control System
• Manual Control Systems
• Room Temperature regulation Via Electric Fan
• Water Level Control

• Automatic Control System

• Home Water Heating Systems (Geysers)
• Room Temperature regulation Via A.C
• Human Body Temperature Control

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 Types of Control System
Open-Loop Control Systems
Open-Loop Control Systems utilize a controller or control actuator to
obtain the desired response.
• Output has no effect on the control action.
• In other words output is neither measured nor fed back.

Input Output
Controller Process

Examples:- Washing Machine, Toaster, Electric Fan, microwave oven,

e.t.c 6
 Types of Control System
Open-Loop Control Systems

• Since in open loop control systems reference input is not

compared with measured output, for each reference input there
is fixed operating condition. Therefore, the accuracy of the
system depends on calibration.

• The performance of open loop system is severely affected by the

presence of disturbances, or variation in operating/
environmental conditions.

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 Types of Control System
Closed-Loop Control Systems

Closed-Loop Control Systems utilizes feedback to compare the actual

output to the desired output response.

Input Output
Comparator Controller Process

Measurement

Examples:- Refrigerator, Electric Iron, Air conditioner

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 Types of Control System
Multivariable Control System

Outputs
Temp
Humidity Comparator Controller Process
Pressure

Measurements

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 Types of Control System
Feedback Control System

• A system that maintains a prescribed relationship between the output

and some reference input by comparing them and using the difference
(i.e. error) as a means of control is called a feedback control system.

Input + error Output

Controller Process
-

Feedback

• Feedback can be positive or negative.

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 Types of Control System
Servo System

• A Servo System (or servomechanism) is a feedback control system in

which the output is some mechanical position, velocity or acceleration.

Antenna Positioning System Modular Servo System (MS150)

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 Types of Control System
Linear Vs Nonlinear Control System

• A Control System in which output varies linearly with the input is called a
linear control system.

u(t) Process y(t)

y(t )   2u(t )  1 y(t ) 3u(t )  5

y=3*u(t)+5
y=-2*u(t)+1
35
5

30
0
25
-5

y(t)
20
y(t)

-10
15

-15
10

-20 5
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
u(t) 12
u(t)
 Types of Control System
Linear Vs Nonlinear Control System

• When the input and output has nonlinear relationship the system is said
to be nonlinear.

Adhesion Characteristics of Road

0.4

Adhesion Coefficient
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Creep

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 Types of Control System
Time invariant vs Time variant

• When the characteristics of the system do not depend upon time itself
then the system is said to time invariant control system.

y(t )   2u(t )  1

• Time varying control system is a system in which one or more

parameters vary with time.

y(t )  2u(t )  3t

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 Types of Control System
Continuous Data Vs Discrete Data System

• In continuous data control system all system variables are function of a

continuous time t.
x(t)

• A discrete time control system involves one or more variables that are
known only at discrete time intervals.
X[n]

n
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 Types of Control System
Deterministic vs Stochastic Control System

• A control System is deterministic if the response to input is predictable

and repeatable.
x(t) y(t)

t t

• If not, the control system is a stochastic control system

z(t)

t 16
Classification of Control Systems
Control Systems

LTI
Co
ntr
o
Natural Man-made

lS
yst
em
s(L
ine
Manual Automatic

ar
tim
ei
nv
ari
Open-loop Closed-loop

an
tc
on
tro
linear

l
Non-linear

sys
Non-linear linear

tem
s)
Time variant Time invariant
Time variant Time invariant
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Examples of Control Systems
Water-level float regulator

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Examples of Control Systems

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Examples of Modern Control Systems

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