STRUCTURE AND

WRITTEN
EXPRESSION
Overview
• The second section of the test
• 40 questions in 25 minutes
• Twotypes of questions: Structure (1-15) and
Written Expression (16-40)
The Structure Questions
• 1st type of the section
• 15 questions
• To test your knowledge of correct structure
SENTENCES WITH ONE
CLAUSE (Simple
Sentence)
Skills
•Besure the sentence has a subject and a
verb
•Be careful of objects of preposition
•Be careful of appositives
SUBJECTS AND
VERBS
SKILL 1
•1 simple sentence in English has at least one subject and one verb
Example:
I teach English on Friday
S V

Common types of problems:

1.Subject is missing
2.Verb is missing
3.S and v are missing
 Verbs (action or non-
Subjects action)
1. Noun (Kata benda); car, house, 1. To be; are, am, is, were, was,
boy, student been, being
2. Noun Phrase (Frase kata 2. Modals; will, would, may, might,
benda); a small car, a big shall, should, can, could, must
house 3. Kata Kerja (V1, V2, Vs/Ves)
3. Pronoun (kata ganti benda); I, includes linking verbs; play,
you, they, we, she, he, it played, plays
4. Have/has + Pas participle
4. Noun clause; what you have
(V3); she has gone
said…
5. Be + Ving; she is laughing
6. Be + Past participle (V3); the
package was sent yesterday
Action: Subject+Verb+Object/Adverb
Subject Action verb Object/adverb

People need vitamins

People are cycling excitedly every weekend in

the park

Non-action:
Subject+Verb+Complement
Subject Non-action verb Object/adverb

She is an architect

The coffee smells nice

Example
...... was ringing continuously The plane ……. landing at the
for hours. airport in six minutes
a. Loudly a. It is
b. In the morning b. It really is
c. The phone c. Is descending
d. The bells d. Will be

Newspapers ……. Every morning and

every evening
a. Delivery
b. Are delivered
c. On time
d. Regularly
 OBJECTS OF
PREPOSITION
SKILL 2
Objects of Preposition
• An
object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun that
comes after a preposition such as in, at, of, to, by,
behind, or on to form a prepositional phrase

The price of the books in the store is very cheap

The trip to the island on Saturday will last for

three hours
Preposition + Object of Preposition
Preposition Objects of Prepositions

In, at, on, by, of, with, for, from, about, School/ a fancy restaurant/where we will
behind, in front of, between, etc. go on the weekend; (noun / noun phrase/
noun clause)

Me you, us, them, him, her, it (pronoun)

Reading (gerund)

Adverb Subject Verb Object Adverb

After his exam he Will take A trip By boat

Subject Verb Object

The pyramids of Giza are My favorite

To Mike __________ was a big surprise.
A.Really
B.The party
C.Funny
D.When

A preposition followed by a noun or pronoun is

called object of preposition. If a word is an
object of preposition, it is not a subject
 PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
SKILL 3
Present participle: Verb-ing
e.g. arriving, teaching, studying, cooking

It functions as:
1. A part of the verb
2. An adjective
1. As a part of verb: it’s accompanied
by be (are, am, is, was, were)
E.g.
• He is working at the office
• The students are speaking English with the teacher
• The train is arriving at the station on time
2. As an adjective: it (Verb-ing) is not
accompanied by be (are, am, is, was, were,
been)
E.g.
• The train arriving at the station is now an hour late
• Thestudents speaking English with the teacher are
from English major
Hati-hati dengan Present
Participle
Contoh
PAST PARTICIPLE
Skill 4
Hati-hati dengan Past
Participle
Past Participle: Regular and Irregular
Verbs (Verb 3)
e.g. studied, taught, played (regular verb)
see saw seen (irregular verb)

It functions as:
1. A part of the verb
2. An adjective
A part of the verb
• If it appears with have and or be

e.g.
1. The mailman has left a letter in the mailbox
2. The classes were taught by that professor
As an adjective
• If it doesn’t appear with have or be

e.g.
1. The letter left in the mailbox was for me
2. The classes taught by that professor were engaging
Contoh
COORDINATE
CONNECTORS
Multiple Sentences
Coordinate Connectors: and,
but, or, so, yet
•Many sentences in English have more
than one clause
•Clause is a group of words containing a
Subject and a Verb
•Two clauses in English sentences are
connected by a Coordinate Connector
(and, but, or, so)
Examples:
•The sun was shining, and the sky was
blue
•The sky was blue, but it was very cold
•It may rain tonight, or it may be clear
•It was raining outside, so I took my
umbrella
Contoh
1. The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown
2. The book was not long, but it difficult to read
3. It was raining, so decided not to go camping
4. The material has been cut, and the pieces have been sewn
together
5. The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better
6. The bill must be paid immediately, or the electricity will turned off
7. The furnace broke so the house got quite cold
8. The dress did not cost too much, but the quality it seemed
excellent
9. The leaves kept falling off the trees, and the boys kept raking them
up, but the yard was still covered
10. The postman has already delivered the mail, so the letter is not
going to arrive today, it probably will arrive tomorrow
Menggunakan adverb time
and cause connector dengan
benar
• Because • Even though

• After • Though

• Before • While

• When • If

• Until • Whether

• Since • As

• Although • Since

• In that • As soon as
Contoh
Contoh adverb time dan cause
connector
Contoh lain dari adverb connector
Contoh
Menggunakan noun clause
connector dengan benar
1. As an object of a verb
•I don’t know
• Why did she like facebook?

I don’t know why she liked Facebook

S V Noun clause as object of verb
2. As an object of preposition (if
it follows a preposition)
•I am thinking about
• Why did she say such something?

I am thinking about why she said such thing

S V Noun clause as an object of
preposition
Contoh
The citizens worry about …………. Is doing
a. What the government
b. The government
c. What
d. What the government it
NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
• What

• When

• Where

• That/how

• Why

• Whether/if
Contoh noun clause connector
 Contoh noun clause
•How we can survive is the most important
issue for now (subject noun clause)
• She always over-think what people say about her (object noun clause)
• He wants to reveal that he has a severe illness (object noun clause)
• For what I’m thinking, I wouldn’t stop believe in it (complement noun clause)
• Man is what he eats, sees, and thinks (complement noun clause)
Menggunakan noun clause
connector/subject dengan
benar
1. As an object of a verb ( if it
follows a verb)
•I know what happened yesterday
noun clause as object of verb

I know what happened yesterday

Con/S V
2. As an object of a preposition (if it
follows a preposition)
• We are thinking about what happened yesterday
noun clause as object of preposition

• We are thinking about what happened yesterday

C/S V
Contoh
The company was prepared for _________ happened with the
economy.

A. It
B. The problem
C. What
D. When
Contoh
Noun clause connectors/subjects
WHAT WHO WHICH

S V noun clause connector/subject V

Siri told me what is going on

Menggunakan adjective
clause connector dengan
benar
Contoh
Contoh adjective clause
connector
Menggunakan adjective clause
connector/subjects dengan
benar
Contoh
Contoh adjective clause
connector
 KERJAKAN
EXERCISE
HALAMAN 39-42
Sentences with inverted subjects
and verbs
• Invert the subject and verb with question words
• Invert the subject and verb with place expression
• Invert the subject and verb with negatives
• Invert the subject and verb with conditionals
• Invert the subject and verb with comparisons
Invert the subject and verb with
question words

Not
inverte
d
Contoh
Inverted subject and verb with
question words
Invert the subject and verb with
place expression

with single words

expressing place,
such as here,
there, or nowhere
 after
prepositional
phrases
expressing place
But…

the idea I walked

for many hours is
complete without
the place
expression in the
forest
Contoh
Kesimpulan
Invert the subject and verb with
negatives

When negative
expressions, such as no,
not, or never, come at
the beginning of a
sentence
Contoh
The following chart lists the negative
expressions and the sentence pattern used with
them
Invert the subject and verb with
conditionals

the helping verb

in the conditional
clause is had,
should, or were
Contoh
The following chart lists the conditional verbs
that may invert
Invert the subject and verb with
comparisons
The following chart lists the sentence patterns
used with comparisons