Chapter 2

Graphs and
Functions

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SECTION 2.5 Properties of Functions

OBJECTIVES

• Determine whether a function is

increasing or decreasing on an interval.
• Use a graph to locate relative maximum
and minimum values.
• Identify even and odd functions.
• Find the average rate of change of a
function.
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 INCREASING, DECREASING, AND
CONSTANT FUNCTIONS
Let f be a function, and let x1 and x2 be any two numbers
in an open interval (a, b) contained in the domain of f .

The symbols a and b may represent real numbers, –∞, or

∞. Then

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 INCREASING, DECREASING, AND
CONSTANT FUNCTIONS

(i) f is an
increasing
function on
(a, b) if x1 < x2
implies
f (x1) < f (x2).

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 INCREASING, DECREASING, AND
CONSTANT FUNCTIONS

(ii) f is a
decreasing
function on
(a, b) if
x1 < x2 implies
f (x1) > f (x2).

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 INCREASING, DECREASING, AND
CONSTANT FUNCTIONS

(iii) f is a constant
on (a, b) if
x1 < x2 implies
f (x1) = f (x2).

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 EXAMPLE Tracking the Behavior of a Function

From the graph of the function f, find the intervals over

which f is increasing, is decreasing, or is constant.

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EXAMPLE continued

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 EXAMPLE continued
Solution
increasing on the intervals (2, 8) and (11, 17)

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 EXAMPLE continued
Solution
decreasing on the intervals (0, 2), (8, 11), and (17,
24)

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 DEFINITION OF RELATIVE MAXIMUM AND
RELATIVE MINIMUM
If a is in the domain of a function f, we say that the
value f (a) is a relative maximum of f if there is
an interval (x1, x2) containing a such that
f (a) ≥ f (x) for every x in the interval (x1, x2).
We say that the value f (a) is a relative minimum
of f if there is an interval (x1, x2) containing a such
that
f (a) ≤ f (x) for every x in the interval (x1, x2).
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RELATIVE MAXIMUM AND RELATIVE MINIMUM

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Definitions

The value f(a) is called an extreme value of

f if it is either a relative maximum value or a
relative minimum value.

At a turning point, a graph changes

direction from increasing to decreasing or
from decreasing to increasing.

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 EXAMPLE Finding Relative Maxima and Minima
Use the graph of the function f to find the
relative maxima and minima of f.

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 EXAMPLE continued
Solution
relative maximum of 564,000 at 8, and 544,000 at 17

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 EXAMPLE continued
Solution
relative minimum of 10,000 at 2 and of 210,000 at 11

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 EXAMPLE Approximating Relative Extrema
Use a graphing utility to approximate the relative maximum and the relative minimum
point on the graph of the function f(x) = x3 – x2.

Solution
Use the TRACE and ZOOM features to see that the function has:

Relative minimum pt
≈ (0.67, –0.15)
Relative maximum pt
≈ (0, 0)

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 EXAMPLE Algebra in Coughing
The average flow velocity, v, of outgoing air through the windpipe is modeled by

where r0 is the rest radius of the windpipe, r is its contracted radius, and c is a positive constant. For Mr. Osborn, assume that c
= 1 and r0 = 13 mm. Use a graphing utility to estimate the value of r that will maximize the airflow v when Mr.Osborn coughs.

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 EXAMPLE continued

Solution

By using the TRACE and ZOOM features, we see that the maximum point on the graph is estimated at (8.67, 325). So
Mr. Osborn’s windpipe contracts to a radius of 8.67 mm to maximize the airflow velocity.

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 EVEN FUNCTION

A function f, is called an even function if,

for each x in the domain of f, –x is also in
the domain of f and

f (–x) = f (x).

The graph of an even function is symmetric

about the y-axis.

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 EXAMPLE Graphing the Squaring Function
Show that the squaring function f (x) = x2 is an even function, and sketch its graph.

Solution
The function f (x) = x2 is even because
f  x   x   x  f  x .
2 2

To graph f (x) = x2, make a table of values.

x 0 1 2 3

f (x)= x2 0 1 4 9
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EXAMPLE continued

Plot the
points, then
use y-axis

symmetry to
plot
additional
points.

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 ODD FUNCTION

A function f, is an odd function if, for each

x in the domain of f, –x is also in the domain
of f and

f (–x) = – f (x).

The graph of an odd function is symmetric

about the origin.

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EXAMPLE Graphing the Cubing Function

Show that the cubing function defined by

g(x) = x3 is an odd function, and sketch its graph.
Solution
The function g(x) = x3 is odd because

g  x   x   x 3  g  x .
3

We sketch the graph of g(x) = x3 by plotting points in the first quadrant and then use symmetry in the
origin to extend the graph to the third quadrant.

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EXAMPLE continued

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EXAMPLE Testing for Evenness and Oddness

Determine whether each function is even, odd, or

neither.

Solution
a. g(x) is an odd function because

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EXAMPLE Testing for Evenness and Oddness
Solution
b. f (x) is an even function because

c. h(x) is neither because

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 THE AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE
OF A FUNCTION
Let (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)) be points on the graph
of a function f. Then the average rate of change
of f (x) as x changes from a to b is defined by

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 EXAMPLE Finding the Average Rate of Change
OBJECTIVE Find the EXAMPLE Find the
average rate of change of average rate of change of
a function f as x changes f (x) = 2  3x2 as x changes
from a to b. from x = 1 to x = 3.

Step 1 Find f (a) and f (b).

Step 2 Use the values

from Step 1 in the
definition of average rate
of change.
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 EXAMPLE Finding the Average Rate of Change

Find the average rate of change of f (x) = 2t2  3 as t

changes from t = 5 to t = x, x  5.

Solution
Average rate
of change

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EXAMPLE continued

Average rate
of change

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 EXAMPLE Average Decrease in Sound Level
The loudness of music coming from a TV is given by the
function , where f(x) is the loudness in
decibels (dB) and x is your distance (in feet) from the
TV. Find the average rate of change in loudness as you
move from 5 feet away from the TV to 10 feet away
from the TV.
Solution
Average rate
of change

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EXAMPLE continued

Average rate
of change

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 DIFFERENCE QUOTIENT

For a function f , the difference quotient is

f x  h   f x 
, h 0.
h

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 Evaluating and Simplifying a Difference
EXAMPLE
Quotient

Let f (x) = 2x2 – 3x + 5. Find and simplify

f x  h   f x 
, h 0.
h
Solution
Find f  x  h  2  x  h   3  x  h   5
2

2  x  2 xh  h
2 2
  3 x  h   5
2 2
2 x  4 xh  2h  3 x  3h  5
Now substitute into the difference quotient.
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 EXAMPLE continued


 2x 2
 4 xh  2h  3 x  3h  5   2 x  3 x  5 
2 2

h
2 2 2
2 x  4 xh  2h  3 x  3h  5  2 x  3 x  5

h
4 xh  3h  2h 2 h 4 x  3  2h 
 
h h
4 x  3  2h

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