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The document provides an overview of the world's water balance, detailing the distribution of saline and fresh water, evaporation rates, and river discharge statistics. It also covers the history of hydrology, applications in engineering, and various types of precipitation and evaporation measurement techniques. Additionally, it discusses key concepts such as field capacity, permanent wilting point, and evapotranspiration, along with methods for measurement and relevant equations.

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Saravanan
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10 views42 pages

Presentation 1

The document provides an overview of the world's water balance, detailing the distribution of saline and fresh water, evaporation rates, and river discharge statistics. It also covers the history of hydrology, applications in engineering, and various types of precipitation and evaporation measurement techniques. Additionally, it discusses key concepts such as field capacity, permanent wilting point, and evapotranspiration, along with methods for measurement and relevant equations.

Uploaded by

Saravanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WORLD WATER BALANCE

• 1386 Mkm3-total
• 96.5% in ocean- saline
• 1% in land- saline
• 35 mkm3- fresh water
• 10.6 mkm3-fresh
• 24.4 mkm3- frozen
• 9 % More water evaporates than as precipitation in ocean.
• Excess precipitation in land
• 0.047 M km3 is the runoff from land mass to ocean and groundwater
outflow to oceans
• Less than 4% of river flow used for irrigation
• Approximate-
•
• Residence time= volume of water in that phase/ average flow rate

• Volume of water in the rivers of the world= 0.00212 Mkm3


• Average flow rate of water in global rivers = 44700 km3/year
• Residence time = 2120/44700 = 0.0474 year = 17.3 days

• Shorter the residence time grater the difficulty in predicting behaviour


• Africa 20%-driest
• N.America and Europe- highest
• Indian subcontinent-46%
• River water discharge per year = 44700 km3
• Annual average flow =1.417 Mm3/s
• Amazon river discharge = 200000 m3/s (1/7 th of world)
• Brahmaputra= 16200 m3/s
• Ganga = 15600 m3/s
History of hydrology
• Time immemorial – utilising water management
• Vedic literature
• 3000 BC- GW indus valley civilization (mohenjodaro)
• Knowledge of hydrologic cycle is for back as vedic period
• Rain gauge – Arthashastra by Chanakya (300 BC)
• Varahamihira (AD 505-587)- Brihatsamhita
• Raingauge, wind vane, prediction procedure
• Egyptian (1800 BC)- Egyptians- Stages of Nile management
• Europe much later AD 1500
History of hydrology

• Present day science of hydrology- 1930


• Last few decades instrumentation for data collection
Applications in engineering
• Irrigation
• Water supply
• Flood control
• Water power
• Navigation
Investigation:
• The capacity of storage structures
• Magnitude of flood flow
• Flow at various season
• Interaction of flood wave and hydraulic structures ( levees, reservoir,
barrages and bridges)
• RAIN- WATER DROPS LARGER THAN 0.5 MM- MAXIMUM 6 MM

• SNOW- ICE CRYSTALS


initial density- 0.06 to 0.15 g/cm3-
Average density- 0.1 g/cm3 ( Himalayas)
• DRIZZLE: WATER DROPLET SIZE LESS THAN 0.5 MM
• INTENSITY <1MM/H
• FLOAT IN AIR
• GLAZE: DRIZZLE CONTACT WITH COLD GROUND ( ICE COATING)
• Sleet: frozen rain drops of transparent grains ( Britain- denotes snow
and rain)
• Hail: irregular pellets or lumps of ice of size more than 8 mm. violent
thunder storm
Types of evaporimeters
• Class A evaporation Pan
• Unpainted galvanised iron
• Monel metal (to avoid corrosion)
• 15 cm above land-free air circulation
• ISI Standard Pan
• Modified class A pan (IS:5973-1970)
• Copper(0.9 mm thick), white paint outside
• 14 % extra in less with screen
• Colorado sunken pan
• Unpainted GI-buried 100 mm from top
• Aerodynamic charactristics
• Leak-surrounding area clean-expensive
• USGS Floating pan
• Simulate large water body
• High cost-difficulty in measurement & maintenance
• Pan Co efficient
• Pans not exact models
• Heat storage capacity (size)
• 3 m dia pan same as a lake, 1 m dia pan 20% excess evaporation than lake
• Height of rim- shadow
• Heat transfer characteristic pan material is different.
Saturated Vapor Pressure
The process of evaporation in a closed container will proceed until there
are as many molecules returning to the liquid as there are escaping. At
this point the vapor is said to be saturated, and the pressure of that vapor
(usually expressed in mm Hg) is called the saturated vapor pressure.
Transpiration
• Water leaves the body of living plant
• Factors affecting:
• Vapour pressure
• Temperature
• Wind
• Light intensity
• Characteristics of plant
• Mainly depends on day light hours
• Growth periods of plant
( evaporation-day and night- rate only different)
Evapotranspiration
• Evapotranspiration =
(Evaporation in Land area-plant stays) + (transpiration)
• Consumptive use (lose by evapotranspiration)
• Depends on water availability
• If sufficient water- Potential evapotranspiration (PET) –
• Not critically depends on soil and plant factors
• Depends on climatic factors
• The real evapotranspiration- Actual Evapotranspiration (AET)
Field Capacity
• Maximum quantity of water that soil can retain against gravity

• Watering more than field capacity drains away


Permanent wilting point
• Moisture content no longer available in sufficient quantity for sustain
plant
• MC available in soil grains. But plant can not take
• Field capacity and Permanent wilting point are depends on soil
characteristics.
• Field capacity - Permanent wilting point = Available water

• water supply adequate


• soil moisture = field capacity
• AET= PET, AET/PET=1
• Water supply not adequate
• Soil moisture < field capacity, available water is less
• AET/PET < 1
Measurement of Evapotranspiration
Lysimeter
• Reproduce soil condition,
moisture content, type and
size of vegetation in the
surrounding area
• Time consuming and
expensive
Measurement of Evapotranspiration
• Field plots:
data are measured in known interval of time

• Ground water loss due to deep percolation is difficult to measure


Evapotranspiration equations
Reference evapotranspiration (ETo)
• Hypothetical grass reference crop
• Height =0.12m
• Surface resistance= 70 s /m (difficulty for water vapor to move through the
soil and plant surfaces)
• Albedo = 0.23 (fraction of solar radiation reflected back from the
crop surface)
• PET= K (ETo)
• K (0.5 to 1.3)
• Blaney-Criddle Formula:

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