AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE

PROJECT: SUSPENSION AND STEERING CONTROL

CLASS: 21DOTQA2

GROUP 3: ĐỖ LÊ TÂM

NGUYỄN THANH PHÚC

TRẦN ÁNH DƯƠNG

 Suspension and steering controls

STEERING SYSTEM

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
FUNCTION
• The steering system is a component responsible
for directing the movement of a vehicle.
• It utilizes the rotational motion of the steering
wheel and transfers it to the steering rack below
to guide the wheels according to the driver's
input.
• Internal mechanisms help reduce force or are
equipped with power assistance to make
steering easier.

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
COMPONENTS

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
STRUCTURE

Three main components as follows:

1. Steering Drive

2. Steering Mechanism

3. Power Steering

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
1. Steering Drive:
This component transmits the driver's input to the steering system to alter the direction of
the vehicle's movement, while also receiving feedback from the road surface to provide a
realistic driving sensation to the driver.
• Steering wheel: • Steering column

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 Suspension and steering controls
• Steering linkage:

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
2. Steering Mechanism:

• The function of the steering mechanism is to control the rotational movements within the

kinematic parallelogram, ensuring that the wheels move according to the Ackerman

principle. Automobile manufacturers typically use one of two basic steering mechanisms:

rack and pinion steering and recirculating ball steering.

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 Suspension and steering controls
3. Power Steering:

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 Suspension and steering controls
Power Steering:

• Power steering in automobiles is the most complex component in the steering system
and is frequently improved to align with the trends in the automotive manufacturing
industry.
• The purpose of power steering is to reduce steering wheel effort when necessary to
assist the driver in steering.
• Power steering systems have evolved significantly, with the most common types being
hydraulic power steering and electric power steering. Among these, electric power
steering systems are increasingly demonstrating superiority over other types of power
assistance.

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
CLASSIFICATION

Until now, the history of the automotive industry has recognized six steering systems.

1. Mechanical Steering System

2. Hydraulic Power Steering System (HPS)

3. Electronic Hydraulic Power Steering System (EHPS)

4. Electronic Stability Program (ESP), also known as Electronic Stability Control (ESC)

5. Steer-by-wire steering system

6. Active Front Steering steering system ( AFS )

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
1. Mechanical Steering System
• The mechanical steering system consists of two main
components: the steering drive and the steering
mechanism.
• The steering mechanism is responsible for converting
the torque between the large steering wheel angle and
the turning angle of the steering wheel.
• The steering drive transmits motion from the steering
mechanism to the wheels, ensuring that the wheels
rotate around the axis according to the driver's
intention.
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 Suspension and steering controls
2. Hydraulic Power Steering System (HPS)
• The hydraulic power steering (HPS) system assists
the driver by providing up to 80% of the energy
needed for steering control.
• It evolved from mechanical steering systems to
reduce energy consumption and wheel impact on the
steering wheel.

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 Suspension and steering controls
3. Electronic Hydraulic Power Steering System (EHPS)

• The EHPS system in cars doesn't use a torsion bar for

control but relies on an MCU.

• It consists of similar components to mechanical

steering but with MCU controlling the power steering

valve directly.

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 Suspension and steering controls
4. Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Compared to previous car steering systems, electronic
power steering replaces the hydraulic pump with an
electric motor. Electric power assistance is based on
road resistance characteristics.
• Torque sensors mounted on the torsion bar determine
the road resistance acting on the system. Combined
with other sensors and vehicle condition parameters,
the electronic power steering system determines the
assistance ratio by directly controlling the electric
motor.
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 Suspension and steering controls
5. Steer-by-wire steering system

• Car steer-by-wire systems are categorized into

independent and integrated types.

• They aim to provide 100% energy-assisted steering,

responding directly to the driver's inputs.

• Independent systems feature a motor for each wheel,

while integrated systems link both steering wheels

through a kinematic parallelogram.

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 Suspension and steering controls
6. Active Front Steering steering system ( AFS )

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 Suspension and steering controls

6. Active Front Steering steering system ( AFS )

• AFS systems incorporate an AFS actuator on the steering shaft connecting the steering
wheel to the steering mechanism.
• The power assistance unit of the car steering system is fixed on the steering shaft (EPAS-
column), on the steering rack (EPAS-rack), or additionally attached with a reducer and
installed on the steering rack (EPAS-pinion), running parallel to the steering rack (EPAS-
dual-pinion).

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 Suspension and steering controls
Structure and Operation Principle of Electric Power Steering System (EPS)

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
Structure
The torque sensor

This detail is mounted on the steering column, near the torsion bar. They play a role in
converting torque into electrical signals sent to the EPS ECU. The EPS ECU will use this
signal to calculate the level of assistance required by the motor.

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
Structure
DC electric motor

The component described consists of a DC motor with brushes, a gearbox, rotor, coil, and
magnetic field. They operate similarly to an automobile starter motor to generate assistive
force depending on the signal from the EPS ECU.

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
Structure
Engine ECU

Is the part that sends engine speed signals to the EPS ECU.

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 Suspension and steering controls
Structure
Taplo dashboard cluster and P/S warning light (located on the Taplo dashboard):

The part responsible for sending vehicle speed signals to the EPS ECU and turning on the
light when the system has a problem.

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 Suspension and steering controls
Operation Principle

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
Operation Principle
• The task of electric power steering is to utilize electrical energy generated by the motor to
provide supplementary force to the steering mechanism, maintaining or altering the
direction of the vehicle's motion. This results in smoother steering control and higher
agility of the vehicle.
• To achieve this, the system employs a torque sensor placed on the steering shaft, sending
signals regarding the steering angle to the ECU for calculation and processing.
Subsequently, the system transmits the appropriate electrical current to the electric motor,
pushing the steering rack. This facilitates easy rotation of the steering shaft according to the
driver's intentions.

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
Operation Principle

The specific operating principles of Electric Power Steering (EPS) system are as follows:
• The main control task of the EPS system is to regulate the current flow. Based on the torque
value of the steering shaft and vehicle speed, an appropriate amount of current is provided
to the power steering motor.
• At the inertia compensation point, the power steering motor operates when the driver turns
the steering wheel.
• The return steering control is responsible for managing feedback force from the wheels
after the driver has turned the steering wheel to one side.

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
Operation Principle
• The vibration control system assists in controlling power assistance when the driver steers
at high speeds, reducing vibration in the vehicle's body.
• The thermal protection control unit is tasked with predicting the heating process of the
motor based on current intensity and input voltage. If the temperature of the motor and EPS
control unit (ECU EPS) is high, it reduces the input current to prevent the motor or ECU
from overheating.

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls

Suspension systemn

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls

Electronic air suspension system

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
Function

Electronic Air Suspension - EAS is a smart suspension system, allowing the driver to adjust the
elasticity of the shock absorbers to suit each vehicle's operating mode. This is the most
advanced air suspension system today, mainly used on high-end cars.

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
STRUCTURE
Air suspension:
• known as pneumatic suspension, is a technology
within the vehicle suspension system where air is
used to absorb shocks and improve ride comfort.
• This system utilizes components such as air
springs, control valves, and filters to regulate air
pressure within the shock absorbers. As the vehicle
traverses rough terrain or uneven roads, the system
automatically adjusts the air pressure to dampen
shocks and enhance the driving experience.
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 Suspension and steering controls
STRUCTURE

The height sensor:

• Installed above the pneumatic shock absorber

bracket.

• It has the function of monitoring the vehicle's

ground clearance and sending notifications to the

ECU to adjust the appropriate amount of air

pumped into the rubber bulb.

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
STRUCTURE

The acceleration sensor:

• Has the function of recording and sending speed

signals to the ECU.

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
STRUCTURE

ECU suspension system:

• The ECU has the function of receiving signals

from sensors to control the compressor and

distribution valve to provide the appropriate

amount of compressed air to each shock absorber

on the 4 wheels.

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
Operating principle of electronic air suspension system:

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls
Operating principle of electronic air suspension system:

• The electronic air suspension system utilizes compressed air's elasticity to provide a
smoother ride and adjustable ride height compared to traditional coil springs.
• An onboard compressor pumps air into the system, which is then controlled by electronic
or manual inputs to adjust shock absorption and maintain stability.
• Sensors monitor vehicle speed and ground clearance, sending signals to the electronic
control unit, which adjusts air pressure in the shock absorbers to optimize shock absorption
and balance for the vehicle's body.

Automatic control system for vehicle

 Suspension and steering controls

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Automatic control system for vehicle