Linear

&
Quadratic Functions
 Linear Equations & Graphs Sketching
 Linear Equations
 Slope
 Types of Straight Lines
 Graphs Sketching
 Parallel & Perpendicular Lines
 Quadratic Equations & Graphs Sketching
 Intersection Point
LINEAR EQUATIONS
• Linear Equations are a combination of constants and variables.

LE in 1 Variable LE in 2 Variables LE in 3 Variables

3 x  6 0 y  5 x 6 x  y  z 0
a  5b c
3 4a  2b 7
x  9 0 1
2 6 x  12 y  18 0 4 x  24 y  z
2
77 x 49
LINEAR EQUATIONS
• An equation that has the highest degree of 1 is known as a linear
equation and when this equation is graphed, it always results in a
straight line.
LINEAR EQUATIONS
Exercise 1: (Linear Equation)
• Solving linear equations in one variable
Q.1) Q.1)
e)3x 24
a ) x  5  2
y
b)  7 x 28 f) 2
5
c)8 x  7 55 g )9m  4(2m  3) 11
y  17
d ) x  3 7 h)3 y  1 
2
Exercise 2: (Linear Equation)
• Solving linear equations in two variables

Q.2) Q.2)
a )2 x  3 y 8 c)2 x  5 y 19
b)5 x  3 y  1 d ) x  2 y  4
SLOPE
SLOPE
(forms of a Linear Equation)
• The 3 forms of Linear Equations are

Standard Form Slope Intercept Form Point Slope Form

ax  b 0 , where a 0 y mx  b y  y1 m( x  x1 )
ax  by  c 0 , where a 0 , b 0 i.e. y 5 x  8
ax  by  cz  d 0 , where a 0 , b 0 , slope, m 5 , and
c 0 y -Intercept, b 8

( x, y, z are variables)
( a, b, c, d are constants)
SLOPE
Exercise 3: (Slope)
• What is the slope of the line that passes through the following points:
• 1) (2,4) and (4,3).

• 2) (2,-3) and (4,5).

• 3) (1,-1) and (3,7)
Exercise 4: (Slope)
• a)
• What is the slope and y-intercept of the line y=2x-3?
(*This equation is in slope intercept form which is y=mx+B)
(*m=slope , B=y-intercept)
• b) Write the linear equation in slope intercept form, given the slope,
m=2 and the y-intercept (0,-2).
• c) Write the linear equation in slope intercept form, given the slope,
m=1/3 and b=5.
• d) Given two points (-2,1) and (3,16) and write the linear equation in
slope intercept form.
Exercise 5: (Slope)
• a) Write the equation of the line passing through the point (2,5) with a
slope of 3? *hint: Use equation point-slope form.
• b) Write the equation of the line passing through the points (-3,1) and
(2,-4)? *hint: find the slope first.
• c) Write the linear equation, given two points (1,3) and (3,7)
• d) Let’s convert it y=2x+1 into standard form (Ax+By=c ) (Hint: The
constants, A , B, and C , must be integers. And A must be positive.)
TYPES OF STRAIGHT LINES
• 1) Vertical Lines
• 2) Horizontal Lines
• 3) Parallel Lines
• 4) Perpendicular Lines
• 5) Diagonal Lines
• 6) Intersecting Lines
• 7) Tangent Lines
• 8) Secant Lines
TYPES OF STRAIGHT LINES
Vertical Lines Horizontal Lines
When a line runs from top to bottom in a When a line moves from left to right in a
straight direction, it is a vertical line. straight direction, it is a horizontal line.
TYPES OF STRAIGHT LINES
Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines
When two straight lines don’t meet or intersect at any When two lines meet or intersect at an angle of 90 degrees or at a right
point, even at infinity, then they are parallel to each other. angle, then they are perpendicular to each other.
Suppose two lines PQ and RS are parallel then it is represented as PQ||RS.
TYPES OF STRAIGHT LINES
• INTERSECTION POINTS
• Let say if you’re given two graphs of two linear equations, how can
you go about finding the point of intersection. What do you think you
need to do. There’s two ways in which we can do so:
• 1) The first method is simply to graph both linear equations and see
where they intersect
• 2) Is to solve this as a system of equations and get and and that will
be the point of intersection.
INTERSECTION POINTS
PARALLEL LINES
PERPENDICULAR LINES
EXERCISE 6:
GRAPH SKETCHING
GRAPH SKETCHING
GRAPH SKETCHING
Self-study
GRAPH SKETCHING
Given this particular graph, write the linear equation in slope-intercept form
GRAPH SKECTHING
Exercise 7: GRAPH SKETCHING
• 1) Plot a graph for this linear equation (this one is in a standard form
of linear equation x+2y=4)
• 2) Plot a graph for this linear equation 3x+5=15
• 3) Plot a graph for this linear equation y=1/2 x +2
• 4) Plot a graph for this linear equation y=-2/3 x +7
• 5) Plot a graph for this linear equation y=-4/7 x +6
Exercise 8: GRAPH SKETCHING
• 1) Plot a graph for this linear equation 3x+2y=6
• Find the points of intercept-x and intercept-y and join the points to
get a straight line.
•
• 2) Plot a graph for this linear equation -3x+5y=-20
• Find the points of intercept-x and intercept-y and join the points to
get a straight line.
QUADRATIC
• A quadratic expression in one variable is an expression whereby the
highest power for the variable is two.
• In general, the general form of a quadratic expression is ax2+bx+c.
• Where a, b and c are constants and a≠0, x is a variable.
• For example, x2+2x-1, -y2+3y, 1/3m2-m+4 and 2n2+5 are quadratic
expressions.
 3 2
3x
Exercise 9 : x2
1
x  x
2

• Determine whether each of the following expressions is a quadratic

expression. If not, justify your answer.
a )2 x 2  5
b) x 3  6
c)3x 2  2 y  1
1
d ) m2
2
3
e)2 x 2  2
x
1
2
f )4 x  x 2
QUADRATIC EXPRESSION
• All quadratic expressions can be written in the form of ax2+bx+c,
where a≠0.
a is the coefficients of x2
• In a quadratic expression, b is the coefficient of x
c is a constant

• Example:

2 x 2  3x  1
ax 2  bx  c
a 2, b  3, c 1
 A quadratic expression is
written in the form of

Exercise 10: Quadratic ax2+bx+c ,

Whereas, a quadratic
function is written in the
form of f(x)= ax2+bx+c

• State the values of a, b and c in a quadratic expression.

a )2 x 2  4 1 2
e) x
2
1 2 3 1
b) x  5 x  f )  p2  4 p
2 2 2
c)  x 2  x 2 3
g )h  h  4
2
d )  x 2  3x  9 h)2r (r  3)
GRAPH OF QUADRATIC FUNCTION
• For a graph of f(x)= ax2+bx+c,
a≠0.
• a) There are only two shapes of
the graphs,
• b) the value of a determines the
shapes of the graph
QUADRATIC GRAPH

The equation of the

axis of symmetry
for a quadratic
function is
b
x 
2a
Exercise 11:
• Given a quadratic function, f(x)=x2-8x+15.
• 1) Determine the axis of symmetry (remember all parabolas have an axis of
a 1, b  8, c 15
symmetry) b b
x 
2a x 
x 
8
2(1)
2a
8
x  4
2
f ( x)  x 2  8 x  15
• 2) Find the vertex, y  x 2  8 x  15
y (4) 2  8(4)  15
y 16  32  15
y  16  15
y  1
 (4,  1)  Vertex

• 3) Determine if our graph opens up or open down by determine a=?

• Since a=1 and a > 0 (positive), then the graph is parabola with U shape.
 Exercise 11:
f ( x)  x 2  8 x  15
y  x 2  8 x  15
y (4) 2  8(4)  15
y 16  32  15
y  16  15
y  1
 (4,  1)  Vertex
Exercise 12:
• 1) Determine whether the shapes of the following graphs of quadratic
functions (opens up or opens down).
a) f ( x) x 2  4 x  1
b) g ( x)  x 2  2 x  4

• 2) State whether the graph has a maximum or minimum point

Quadratic
Quadratic
Quadratic
Exercise 13:
• The quadratic function f(x)=x2-3x+c passes through a point A as given
below. Calculate the value of c for each of the following cases.
• A(0,4)
• A(-1,3)
The Quadratic Formula
QUADRATIC FORMULA
QUADRATIC FORMULA
Exercise 14:
• Determine whether each of the following value is a root of the given
quadratic equation.
a )2 x 2  7 x  3 0;
When, x 3,
where, x 1, x 3
Solution : Left :
When, x 1,
2x2  7 x  3
Left :
2
2x  7x  3 2(3) 2  7(3)  3
2(1) 2  7(1)  3 18  21  3
2  7  3
0
 2
2
Thus, x 1, isNotaRootoftheEquation, 2 x  7 x  3 0 Thus, x 3, isaRootoftheEquation, 2 x 2  7 x  3 0
ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION
BY FACTORISATION METHOD
• Factorization method is one of the methods used to determine the
roots of a quadratic equation.
• A quadratic equation needs to be written in the form of ax2+bx+c=0
before we carry out factorization.
• A quadratic equation can also be solved by using the method of
completing the squares.
Exercise 15: Determine the roots
• Determine the roots of the following quadratic equations by
factorization method.
a ) x 2  5 x  6 0 7
b) x 2  x 2
Solution : 2
Solution :
x 2  5 x  6 0
7
( x  3)( x  2) 0 x 2  x 2
2
x 3, or , x 2 2 x 2  7 x 4
2 x 2  7 x  4 0
(2 x  1)( x  4) 0
1
x  , or , x  4
2
Exercise 16: Self Practice
QUADRATIC: GRAPHS SKETCHING
QUADRATIC: GRAPHS SKETCHING
QUADRATIC: GRAPHS SKETCHING
QUADRATIC: GRAPHS SKETCHING
QUADRATIC: GRAPHS SKETCHING
PAST-YEAR EXAM QUESTIONS
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