CALCULUS 1.

 Differentiation
 Rules of Differentiation
 Higher orders of Differentiation
 Application of derivatives
 Critical Points
WHAT IS CALCULUS?
• Calculus is a dynamic concept.
• It consists of differential calculus and integral calculus.
• Differential calculus refers to finding the rate of change of one
quantity with respect to another quantity.
• Integral calculus is the reverse of differential calculus.
• If we know the rate of change of one quantity with respect to another
quantity, we can form a relationship between the two quantities.
• The science of calculus was simultaneously developed by Isaac
Newton(1642-1727) and Gottfried Wilheim von Leibniz (1646-1716).
DIFFERENTIATION
• Let y=f(x) be a given function. The derivative of y with respect to x, denoted by f’(x) is
defined by f '( x)  lim
f ( x  x)  f ( x)
x  0 x

• The method of finding the derivative using the above definition is called the first principle.
• The derivative is also called the differential coefficient and the process of calculating the
derivative of a function is called differentiation.
• If the derivative of a function exists at a particular point, then we say that f is
differentiable at that point.
• The derivative of y with respect to x is denoted in many ways, namely
dy
f '( x), or , y '
dx
• The derivative has several meanings depending on its use; one of them being gradient
and the other, instantaneous rate of change.
DIFFERENTIATION
• Example 1: Find the derivative of f(x)=2x by using the first principle.
• Solution
f ( x) 2 x
f ( x  x) 2( x  x) 2 x  2x

• By the first principle,

f ( x  x)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
x  0 x
(2 x  2x)  2 x
 lim
x  0 x
 lim 2
x  0

2
DIFFERENTIATION
• Example 2: Find the derivative of f(x)=3x2 by using the first principle.
• Solution
f ( x) 3 x 2
f ( x  x) 3( x  x) 2 3x 2  6 xx  3(x) 2

• By the first principle,

f ( x  x)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
x  0 x
[3 x 2  6 xx  3(x) 2 ]  [3 x 2 ]
 lim
x  0 x
 lim 6 x  3x
x  0

6 x
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
• Finding the derivatives using the first principle is tedious and time
consuming.
• However, there are several rules based on the first principle that
enable us to find the derivatives of a big group of functions without
going through the tedious process.
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
• Rule 1: If y=f(x)=c, then f’(x)=0 [Constant rule]
• Example 3:
• Find f’(x) if (a) f(x)=8 (b) f(x)=-49
• Solution
• (a) f(x)=8, then f’(x)=0
• (b) f(x)=-49, then f’(x)=0
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
• Rule 2: If f(x)=mx, then f’(x)=m [Constant – multiple rule]
• Example 4:
• Find f’(x) if (a) f(x)=7x (b) f(x)=-12x
• Solution
• (a) f(x)=7x, then f’(x)=7
• (b) f(x)=-12x, then f’(x)=-12
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
• Rule 3: If f(x)=xn, then f’(x)=nxn-1 [Power rule]
• Example 5:
• Find f’(x) if (a) f(x)=axn (b) f(x)=9x4
• Solution
• (a) f(x)= axn, then f’(x)= naxn-1
• (b) f(x)=9x4, then f’(x)=36x3
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
• Rule 4: If h(x)=f(x)+g(x), then h(x)=f’(x)+g’(x) [Sum rule]
• Using another differential notation,
d ( f  g ) df dg
 
dx dx dx
• Example 6:
• Find f’(x) if (a) f(x)=7+8x2+3x3 (b) f(x)=x2+5√x
• Solution
• (a) f(x)= 7+8x2+3x3 , then f’(x)=16x+9x2 f ( x) x 2  5 x
1
• (b) f(x)=x + √x -> f(x)=x +x , then f’(x)=2x+1/2x ,or f ( x) x  x 5
2 5 2 1/5 -4/5 2

1  54
f '( x) 2 x  x
2
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
• Rule 5: If f(x)=uv and u’(x) and v’(x) both exist, then
f’(x)=uv’(x)+vu’(x) [Product rule]
• Example 7:
• Find f’(x) if (a) f(x)=(2x+7)(x-9) (b) f(x)=x2(2x+8)
• Solution
• (a) f(x)=(2x+7)(x-9) (b) f(x)=x2(2x+8)
f’(x)=(2x+7)(x-9)’+(x-9)(2x+7)’ f’(x)=x2(2x+8)’+(2x+8)(x2)’
=(2x+7)(1)+(x-9)(2) =x2(2)+(2x+8)(2x)
=4x-11 =6x2+16x
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
• Rule 6: u
if , f ( x)  , and , u '( x), and , v '( x), bothExist , and , v ( x ) 0, then
v
v( x)u '( x)  u ( x)v '( x)
f '( x)  2
..................(QuotientRule)
[v( x)]

x2 1
(Q) f ( x) 
• Example 8: x
x( x 2  1) ' ( x 2  1)( x) '
• Find f’(x) if f(x)=(x2+1)/x ( A) f '( x) 
x2
• Solution x(2 x)  ( x 2  1)(1)

x2
x2  1
 2
x
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
• Rule 7: If f(x)=u[v(x)] and u’[v(x)] and v’(x) both exist, then
f’(x)=u’[v(x)]v’(x) [Chain rule]
• Example 9: (c) f ( x) ( x  2) ( x  1) 2 3 3 4

Solution( s ) : byThe Pr oductRule, weGet

• Find f’(x) if a ) f ( x)  x  4 x  3 30 2
f '( x) ( x  2) [( x  1) ]' ( x  1) [( x  2) ]'3 3 4 3 4 2 3

ApplyTheChainRuleToFind
• (a) f(x)=(x -4x)
3 30
f '( x) 30  x  4 x  ( x  4 x) [( x  1) ]' 4( x  1) (3x ) 12 x ( x  1)
3 30  1 3 9 3 4 3 3 2 2 3 3

• (b) f(x)=3√1+8x2 3
30( x  4 x) (3 x  4) 29 2
[( x  2) ]' 3( x  2) (2 x) 6 x( x  2)
2 3 2 2 2 2

Hence,
• (c) f(x)=(x2+2)3(x3-1)4 b) f ( x)  1  8 x (1  8 x )
3 2
1
2
f '( x) ( x  2) (12 x )( x  1)  ( x  1) (6 x)( x
2 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 2
 2) 2
2 6 x( x 3  1)3 ( x 2  2) 2 [2 x( x 2  2)  ( x 3  1)]
1 2

f '( x)  (1  8 x ) (16 x) 3
6 x( x 3  1)3 ( x 2  2) 2 [3 x 3  4 x  1]
3
2 AnotherFormulationOfChainRuleIsAsFollows.
16 x 2

 (1  8 x ) 3 if , y  f (t )and , x  g (t ), then
3
dy dy dt
 .
dx dt dx
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
• Example 10: dy
find if , y 3t 2  3, and , t 4 x  2
dx
Solution
dy
(3t 2  3) '(4 x  2) '
dx
6t (4)
24t
24(4 x  2)
96 x  48
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
• Exercise: Find the derivative of the following functions
1 1
1) f ( x) 2 x  3 x  x
4 3

2) f ( x) ( x  3)(2 x  5)
x2  2
3) f ( x) 
2x  1
4) f ( x) (3 x  5)5
5) f ( x) (4 x  7)(2 x  9)3
6x
6) f ( x) 
3x  2
7) Differentiate, y  x 2 x 3  15 x
8)GivenThat , f ( x)  3 x 2  4 , findTheValueOf , f '( 2)andf (2)
dy
for , y 8  3 x 
4
9) Find
dx
HIGHER ORDERS OF
DIFFERENTIATION
• If a function y=f(x) is differentiable, then its derivative f’(x) is called
the first derivative or the first derived function.
• If we continue differentiating, we get the higher orders.
• For example, the second derivative or the second derived function is
d
[ f '( x)]  f "( x)
dx
d
• and the third derivative or the third derived function is dx
[ f "( x)]  f "'( x)
2
• The second derivative is also denoted by ddxy or , y " 2

and the third derivative by d y or , y "'

3

dx 3
HIGHER ORDERS OF
DIFFERENTIATION
• Example 11:
if , f ( x)  x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1, then
Solution
3 2
f '( x) 4 x  3 x  2 x  1( firstDerivative)
2
f "( x) 12 x  6 x  2(sec ondDetivative)
f "'( x) 24 x  6(thirdDerivative)
f ""( x) 24( fourthDerivative)
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
• A derivative can be used to calculate the gradient of a curve at any point on a curve.
• It can be used to find the equation of the tangent line and the normal.
• Example 12
• Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve f(x)=x2+3x+2 at the point x=2.
• Solution:
• f(x)=x2+3x+2,
• f(2)=22+3(2)+2=12,
• f’(x)=2x+3,
• f’(2)=2(2)+3=7
• Substituting m=7 and (2,12) into y=mx+c,
• we get,
• 12=7(2)+c,
• c=-2
• The equation of the tangent line to the curve is y=7x-2.
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
• Example 13:
• The curve y=ax2+bx+c passes through (2,3) and the line y=x is a tangent to the curve at the point of
origin. Find the values of a, b and c.
• Solution:
• Since the curve passes through the origin, c must be equal to zero.
• Hence, the curve becomes y=ax2+bx
• From y=ax2+bx,
• dy/dx=2ax+b
• Substituting dy/dx=1 and x=0 into the derivative function, we get
1=2a(0)+b,
b=1
• Substituting (2,3) and b=1 into the equation y=ax2+bx, we get
3=a(2)2+1(2),
a=1/4
• Thus, a=1/4 , b=1, c=0.
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
• Example 14
• Find the equation of the normal to the curve f(x)=x3+x-2 at the point x=2.
• Solution:
f(x)=x3+x-2
f(2)=23+2-2=8
f’(x)=3x2+1
f(2)=3(2)2+1=13
• Gradient of the normal to the tangent is m=-1/13.
• Substituting m=-1/13 and (2,8) into y=mx+c, we get
8=-1/13 (2) + c 1 106
c=106/13 y  x 
13 13
• Therefore, the required equation is y=-1/13 x + 106/13
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
• Example 15
• Given y=(x2+h)2 and its gradient is 8 at x=2. Find the value of h which is
constant.
• Solution: 2 2
y ( x  h)
y  x 4  2hx 2  h 2
dy
4 x 3  4 xh
dx
Therefore,
8 4(2)3  8h
h  3
CRITICAL POINTS
• The point x=c is called a critical point for a continuous function, f if
• (a) f’(c)=0 or f’(c) fails to exist, and if
• (b) f(c) is well defined
• The critical points comprise the local maximum point, local minimum
point and inflection point.
CRITICAL POINTS
• We shall discuss two types of tests to differentiate critical points which are extreme (local
maximum and minimum points) from those which are not.
• Second derivative and first derivative tests
• The two tests that can be used to examine the nature of the critical points are the second
derivative test and the first derivative test.
• Second derivative test
• We can use the second derivative test to determine the nature of the critical points. Three
steps are required in the second derivative test. The steps are given below.
• 1. Find f’(x) and f’’(x).
• 2. Let f’(x)=0 and solve for critical values, c.
• 3. Substitute the critical values, c into f”(x). If f”’(c) is
a) positive, the point is a local minimum point
b) negative, the point is a local maximum point
c) zero, the test fails and the first derivative test has to be used.
CRITICAL POINTS
• First derivative test
• The first derivative test can also be used to determine the critical points.
However, it is used only if the second derivative test fails. Three steps are
required in the first derivative test. The steps are as follows.
• 1. Find f’(x)
• 2. Let f’(x)=0 and solve for critical values, c.
• 3. Select points in the neighborhood of c, one slightly less and one slightly
more than the critical value, c and substitute into f’(x). If f’(x)
• a) changes sign from negative to positive, the point is a local minimum point.
• b) changes sign from positive to negative, the point is a local maximum point.
• c) does not change sign, the point is an inflection point.
CRITICAL POINTS
CRITICAL POINTS
• Example 16
• Determine the critical point(s) for the curve y=x2.
• Solution:
• Using the second derivative test f '( x) 2 x, and , f "( x) 2
let , f '( x) 0
Hence, 2 x 0
x 0.
when, x 0,
f (0) 02 0
ThePo int(0, 0)isaCriticalPo int
When, x 0
f "(0) 2
Hence, thepo int(0, 0)isaLocalMinimumPo int .
CRITICAL POINTS
• Example 17
• Find the critical point(s) of the curve f(x)=2x3-3x2-12x+2.
• Solution: 2
f '( x) 6 x  6 x  12
• Using the second derivative test f "( x) 12 x  6
Let , f '( x) 0
Hence, 6 x 2  6 x  12 0
( x  1)( x  2) 0
x  1, or , x 2
When, x  1, f ( 1) 2( 1)3  3( 1) 2  12( 1)  2 9
When, x 2, f (2) 2(2)3  3(2) 2  12(2)  2  18
ThePo int s ( 1,9)and (2,  18) areCriticalPo int s
When, x  1, f "( 1)  18.
Hence, thePo int( 1,9)isaLocalMaximumPo int
When, x 2, f "(2) 18.
Hence, thePo int(2,  18)isaLocalMinimumPo int
CRITICAL POINTS
• Example 18
• Determine the critical point(s) for the curve f(x)=x4.
• Solution:
• Using the second derivative test
f '( x) 4 x 3 , and , f "( x) 12 x 2
Let , f '( x) 0
Hence, 4 x 3 0
U sin gtheFirstDerivativeTest
x 0
WeChooseTwoNumbers ,  0.01and  0.01,
When, x 0
whichareIntheNeighbourhoodOf , x 0.
f '(0) 4(0)3 0
ThePo int(0, 0)isaCriticalPo int When, x  0.01, f '( 0.01) 4( 0.01)3 negativeValue
When, x 0 When, x 0.01, f '(0.01) 4(0.01)3  positiveValue
f "(0) 12(0) 2 0 Sin ceTheSignChangesfromNegativetoPositive, thePo int(0, 0)isaLocalMinimumPo int .
The sec ondDerivativeTestFailsHere.
WehavetoUseFirstDerivativeTest.