Chapter 5: Networking

Concepts

IT Essentials v8.0
Chapter 5 - Sections & Objectives
 5.1 Network Components and Types

• Explain components and types of computer networks.

• Describe the types of networks.
• Describe internet connection types.
 5.2 Network Protocols, Standards, and Services
• Explain networking protocols, standards and services.
• Explain the purpose and characteristics of transport layer protocols.
• Explain the significance of application port numbers.
• Explain wireless protocols.
• Explain network services.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
Chapter 5 - Sections & Objectives (Cont.)
 5.3 Network Devices

• Explain the purpose of devices on a network.

• Explain basic network devices.
• Explain security devices.
• Explain other network devices.
 5.4 Network Cables
• Explain the characteristics of network cables.
• Describe networking tools and their purpose.
• Explain the purpose and characteristics of common types of copper network cables and connectors.
• Explain the purpose and characteristics of common types of fiber network cables and connectors.

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5.1 Network Components
and Types

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Types of Networks
Network Icons

Network Media Icons

Intermediary Device Icons Host Device Icons

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Types of Networks
Network Topologies and Description
 PAN (personal area network) – Commonly uses
Bluetooth to connect mice, keyboards, phones, and
tablets.

 LAN (local area network) – A wired network

consisting of a switch and network devices in a
limited geographical area.

 VLAN (virtual LAN) – Extends beyond a traditional

LAN and groups users based on administratively
defined boundaries such as department or floor.

 WLAN (wireless LAN) – Connects multiple wireless

devices and uses an access point.
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Types of Networks
Network Topologies and Description (Cont.)
 WMN (wireless mesh network) – Connects
multiple wireless access points together to expand
the wireless network.

 MAN (metropolitan area network) – A network that

spans a city.

 WAN (wide area network) – A network that spans a

large geographical area.

 VPN (virtual private network) – A method of

connecting to a network such as a company
network across an unsecure network.

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Types of Networks
VLANs
 They provide segmentation and organizational flexibility in a switched network.

 A group of devices within a VLAN communicate as if each device was attached to the same switch.

 VLANs are based on logical connections, instead of physical connections, and they can be
segmented based on factors such as function, team, or application.
 For example, a faculty member computer (PC1) is
connected to S2 on VLAN 10.
 PC1 could communicate with another faculty
member using PC4 connected to S3.
 Notice how both hosts are configured on network
address 192.168.10.0/24.
 By default, all switch ports are assigned to VLAN 1.
 However, you can assign the PCs to
different VLANs by configuring their interconnecting © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 8

port.
Types of Networks
VLANs (Cont.)
 Figure 2 displays a sample configuration of switch S2.

 Notice that we first create the VLANs and assign them names.

 This makes it easier to work with the VLANs.

 Next, we configure the ports connecting to the PCs to the

corresponding VLANs.
 Once the VLAN information is configured on the other
switches, the faculty member using PC1 would be able to
communicate with PC4 because they are on the same VLANs.
 If the faculty member wanted to send something to PC5 which is
assigned to VLAN 30, then the services of a router would
be required.
 VLANs help reduce excessive broadcast traffic and
implement access and security policies between groups of © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 9
users.
Internet Connection Types
Brief History of Connection Technologies
 Analog telephone access (dialup) – uses an
analog modem to call another modem.
 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) – more
bandwidth than dialup. Can carry voice, video, and
data.
 Broadband – uses different frequencies to send
multiple signals over media.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 10
Internet Connection Types
DSL, Cable, and Fiber
 DSL (digital subscriber line) – always on technology that uses phone lines; voice and data
carried on different frequencies; requires a filter on the port that connects to a phone.
• Very high-speed DSL (VDSL) attains much higher bit rates than DSL. A symmetric link can carry as
much as 26 Mbps in both directions while an asymmetric link can carry as much as 52 Mbps download
and 6 Mbps upload. VDSL2 can carry as much as 100 Mbps in both directions.
 Cable – Uses a cable modem to connect to a traditional cable TV network; shares the network with
multiple subscribers.
 Fiber – High bandwidth connection used in backbone
networks, large enterprise environments, large data
centers, and now part of some home internet
connections.
 In the figure, the cable connection includes a HFC
network in which fiber is used in the last mile to the
user’s home, and at the user’s home the network
switches back to copper coaxial cable (FTTC).
 Fiber to the premises (FTTP) brings the fiber to the
customer’s building. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 11
Internet Connection Types
Line of Sight Wireless Internet Service
 Line of site wireless – always on technology that uses radio signals for connecting to the
internet.
• Clear path required
• Weather affects signal strength and performance

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Internet Connection Types
Satellite
 Satellite – broadband technology for remote areas

• Uses a satellite dish

• Not a good solution for time-sensitive applications like gaming, Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP), and video conferencing

 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) – far more

satellites orbiting the Earth in low
Earth orbit
• Can support up to approximately 100 Mbps
• Much lower latency than standard satellite,
between 100 and 200 ms

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Internet Connection Types
Cellular
 Cellular– relies on cell towers to create a network used by cell phones and
connectivity to the internet

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Internet Connection Types
Mobile Hotspot and Tethering
 Cell phone option that allows another device to connect to the
internet using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or USB cable
• The other device is using the phone’s cellular connection to
connect to the internet
• Called tethering or a hotspot
 A mobile hotspot is when a cell phone allows Wi-Fi devices to
connect and use the mobile data network.

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5.2 Networking Protocols,
Standards, and Services

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Video Explanation – Transport Layer Protocols
Transport Layer Protocols

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Transport Layer Protocols
The TCP/IP Model

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Transport Layer Protocols
TCP
 Three basic operations of reliability

• Numbering and tracking of data segments

• Acknowledgment of received data
• Retransmitting any unacknowledged data after a
period of time.

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Transport Layer Protocols
UDP
 Very little overhead or data checking

 Best-effort delivery protocol (unreliable)

• No acknowledgment that the data is received by the destination

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Transport Layer Protocols
Video Explanation – Application Port Numbers

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Application Port Numbers
Classify Application Port Numbers

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Application Port Numbers
Classify Application Port Numbers (Cont.)

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Wireless Protocols
WLAN Protocols

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Wireless Protocols
Bluetooth, NFC, and RFID
 Bluetooth

• Up to 7 devices to create a PAN

• 802.15.1
• 2.4 to 2.485 GHz radio frequency range
 RFID

• Passive or active tags used to identify items

• Passive – rely on RFID reader to activate and
read
• Active – have a battery to broadcast the ID up to
100 meters
• 125 MHz to 960 MHz radio frequency range
 NFC (Near Field Communication)

• Devices must be in close proximity to exchange

data
• Used for payments, printing, public parking, etc. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25
Wireless Protocols
Zigbee and Z-Wave
 Zigbee

• Requires a ZigBee Coordinator to manage client

devices connected in a wireless mesh network.
• Devices commonly managed from a cell phone
app
• IEEE 802.15.4 standard
• 868 MHz to 2.4 GHz range up to 20 meters,
65,000 devices, and data speeds up to 250 kb/s
 Z-Wave

• Proprietary standard, but public version

available
• 232 devices can connect to a wireless mesh
network with data speeds up to 100 kb/s.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 26
Wireless Protocols
Cellular Generations
 1G/2G – First generation was analog calls only. 2G introduced digital voice, conference calls, and
caller ID with speeds less than 9.6 Kb/s
 2.5G – supports web browsing, short audio and video clips with speeds up to 237 Kb/s.

 3G – full motion video and streaming music at speeds up to 2 Mb/s.

 3.5G – supports high-quality streaming video, high-quality video conferencing, and VoIP, at speeds
up to 16 Mb/s.
 4G - IPv6, IP-based voice, gaming services, high quality multimedia at speeds up to 672 Mb/s.

 LTE (Long Term Evolution) – means it meets the 4G speed standards and improves connectivity
while in motion. Speeds up to 100 Mb/s when mobile and up to 1 Gb/s when stationary.
 5G – supports augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), smart homes, smart cars, and data
transfer between devices. Download speeds up to 3 Gb/s; upload speeds up to 1.5 Gb/s.
 6G – is currently in development. As of late 2022, no standard yet exists. It will support even faster
speeds required for AR/VR applications, AI applications, and instantaneous communications.
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 27
Network Services
Video Explanation – Network Services

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Network Services
Client – Server Roles

 File Client and Server

 Web Client and Server

 Email Client and Server

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Network Services
DHCP Server
 A host needs IP address information before it can send data on the network.

 DHCP is the service used by ISPs, network administrators, and wireless routers
to automatically assign IP addressing information to hosts, as shown in the
figure.

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Network Services
DHCP Server (Cont.)
 DHCP works in a client/server mode,
where DHCP clients request available
IP configurations from a DHCP server.
 A DHCP server is configured with a
scope (i.e., a pool or a range) of
addresses that it can lease to
requesting DHCP clients.
 As shown in the figure, when the DHCP
client boots (or otherwise wants to join a
network), it initiates the following four-
step process to obtain a lease.

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Network Services
DHCP Server (Cont.)
 The client must contact the DHCP server periodically to extend the lease.

 This lease mechanism ensures that moved or power-off clients do not keep addresses that
they no longer need.
 When a lease expires, the DHCP server returns the address to the pool where it can be
reallocated as necessary.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 32
Network Services
DNS Server
 A DNS server translates domain names such as cisco.com to an IP address.

 The five steps in the DNS resolution process are:

Step 1 Step 3

Step 2

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Network Services
DNS Server (Cont.)
 The five steps in the DNS resolution process are:

Step 4 Step 5

The number is returned back to the client A domain name is resolved to its numeric
for use in making requests of the server. network device address by the DNS
protocol.

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Network Services
Print Server
 A print server
• Can control multiple printers
• Provides client access to print resources
• Allows centralized print job administration
• Provides feedback to network clients

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Network Services
File Server

 A file server allows clients to access

files using a specific protocol
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• FTPS (File Transfer Protocol Secure)
• SFTP (Secure Shell File Transfer
Protocol)
• SCP (Secure Copy)

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Network Services
Web Server
 A web server provides web resources using these protocols
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) operating on TCP port 80
• Secure HTTP (HTTPS) using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS)
operating on TCP port 443
 How a web page is opened in a browser:
• For this example, use the
http://www.cisco.com/index.html URL.
• First, the browser interprets the three parts of
the URL:
1. http (the protocol or scheme)
2. www.cisco.com (the server name)
3. index.html (the specific filename
requested)
 The browser then checks with a DNS to convert www.cisco.com into a numeric address, which it
uses to connect to the server.
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Network Services
Web Server (Cont.)
 Step 1: Using HTTP requirements, the browser sends a GET request to the server and asks for
the index.html file.
 Step 2: The server sends the HTML code for this web page back to the client’s browser.

 Step 3: The browser interprets the HTML code and formats the page for the browser window.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

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Network Services
Mail Server

 Email messages are stored in

databases on mail servers
• Client communicates with server in
order to reach a different client
• Protocol used to send email
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Protocols used to retrieve email
• Post Office Protocol (POP)
• Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

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Network Services
Proxy Server
 Proxy servers act on behalf of a client, thus hiding the real internal host

 Used to cache frequently accessed web pages

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Network Services
Authentication Server
 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) - Allows access to a network
device or a particular network

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Network Services
Syslog Server
 Syslog stores network messages sent by networking devices.

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Network Services
Load Balancer
 Some network servers can experience very heavy loads.

 Some examples include streaming media servers, web servers, and email servers.

 Often, multiple servers are providing one service in order to provide timely content.

 A load balancer can be used distribute the demand of requests.

 It is placed in front of the servers to ensure each server is being used as much as the
others.
 This prevents things like network timeouts and slow responses.

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Network Services
Scada
 A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is used in an industrial
control system (ICS).
 This type of system provides automation for critical services such as national security,
water treatment plants, or power suppliers.
 SCADA software runs on a computer to gather data from the devices used by the ICS.

 The SCADA manages the devices remotely typically through the use of satellite or
cellular communications.

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5.3 Basic Network Devices

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Basic Network Devices
Video Explanation - Basic Network Devices

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Basic Network Devices
Network Interface Card
 Todays computers have wired and/or wireless network capability.

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Basic Network Devices
Repeaters, Bridges, and Hubs
 Repeaters – Also called extenders
because they regenerate the signal so it
can be sent further.
 Hub – Receives data on one port and
sends to all other ports.
 Bridge – Divides a network into two or
more segments and tracks which
device is on each segment.

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Basic Network Devices
Switches
 Ethernet switches record MAC
addresses for each device
connected to the switch.
• Data is sent to a specific device if
the MAC address of that device is
in the MAC address table.
• Managed switches are used in a
company environment and have
additional features.
• Unmanaged switches are used in
home or a small business
network.

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Basic Network Devices
Wireless Access Points
 Wireless access points (APs) – provide
access to a wireless network for a limited
range.

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Basic Network Devices
Routers
 Routers connect networks.

• Use an IP address to forward traffic to other networks

• Can be a multipurpose device (integrated router) that includes switching and wireless capabilities

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Security Devices
Video Explanation – Security Devices

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Security Devices
Firewalls
 A firewall protects data and
devices connected to a
network.
 Firewalls use access control
lists (ACLs) which are rules
used to determine whether
data is permitted (allowed
through) or denied.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 53
Security Devices
IDS and IPS
An Intrusion Detection System An Intrusion Prevention
(IDS) monitors traffic and is a System (IPS) actively monitors
passive system. traffic and takes action when
needed.

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Security Devices
UTMs
 Universal Threat Management (UTM) is
an all-in-one security appliance. Features
are vendor-specific, but could include:
• Firewall services
• IDS/IPS services
• Additional security services against Zero
Day, Denial of Service (DoS) Distributed
Denial of Service (DDoS), and spyware
• Proxy and email filtering
• Network access control
• VPN services

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Security Devices
Endpoint Management Server
 An endpoint management server monitors end devices such as PCs, laptops, servers, tablets,
printers, etc.

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Security Devices
Spam Management
 The DNS service is commonly abused by threat actors to assist in their SPAM email
campaigns.
 For this reason, DNS servers now use TXT resource records to implement the anti-spam
security features detailed in the table.

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Other Network Devices
Legacy and Embedded Systems
 A legacy system is a device on the network
no longer supported, but still in operation.
 An embedded system is a device built into
something else such as an appliance.
Embedded microchips are contained in
legacy systems and embedded systems.
 Legacy systems and embedded systems
could be a security risk.

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Other Network Devices
Patch Panel

A centralized place where

network cables attach to the
back. Patch cables are used to
make a connection to another
patch panel which connects to a
different wiring closet, or to a
device such as a switch
mounted nearby.

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Other Network Devices
Power over Ethernet and Ethernet over Power
 PoE devices like PoE switches, PoE injectors, Po PoE injector
E
IP cameras, Voice over IP (VoIP) phones, and sw
itc
h
wireless access points (WAPs) are the top five
most popular devices.
 Power can also be inserted in the middle of a
cable run using a PoE injector.
 There are several IEEE standards for PoE:

• 802.3af – Can supply up to 13 watts as 350mA

at 48 volts.
• 802.3at (PoE+) – Can supply up to 25 watts as
600 mA. Network cable
• 802.3bt (PoE++ or 4PPoE) – Can supply 51
watts (Type 3) or 73 watts (Type 4) Ethernet over Power (powerline
networking) uses existing electrical wiring
to create a network.
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Other Network Devices
Cloud-based Network Controller
 A cloud-based network controller
is a remote device used to
manage network devices like
access points or switches.

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5.4 Network Cables

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Network Tools
Video Explanation – Network Cable Tools

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Network Tools
Network Tools and Descriptions

 Wire cutters or side cutters

 Crimper – used to securely attach an RJ-45

connector
 Wire strippers
 Punch down tool – used to terminate wires into
termination

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Network Tools
Network Tools and Descriptions (Cont.)

 Multimeter

 Cable Tester

 Tone Generator
 Wi-Fi analyzer

 Loopback adapter –
used to check a port

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Copper Cables and Connectors
Network Taps
 Sometimes it is necessary to capture network traffic to analyze it, and this can often be
done with software such as Wireshark.
 If this is not possible, a network tap can be used to capture the cable signals and send
them to analyzing software.
 A network tap can be passive or active (powered):

• Passive test access point (TAP) - This type of TAP is a box with network ports to carry signals
in and out. Inside, an inductor or optical splitter is used to copy the signal and send it out a
monitor port. The monitor port receives all the traffic from the cable.
• Active TAP - This type of TAP regenerates the signal. Due to the complexity of gigabit
signaling, a passive TAP is unable to be used. Also, some fiber links may become corrupt using
an optical splitter, so an active TAP is used instead.
 Network sniffing can also be completed using a special port on a network switch, knowning
as a switched port analyzer (SPAN)/mirror port.
 A mirror receives a copy of the traffic that are addressed to a specific port or all other ports.
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 66
Copper Cables and Connectors
Cable Types
 Cable types used in networking

• Twisted-pair
• Coaxial
• Fiber-optic

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Copper Cables and Connectors
Coaxial Cables
 Coaxial cable

• Copper or aluminum
• Used in cable TV systems and
satellite communication systems
• Harder to install, more expensive,
and harder to troubleshoot than
twisted-pair cabling

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Copper Cables and Connectors
Twisted-Pair Cables
 Twisted-pair cabling types

• Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)

• Shielded twisted-pair (STP)
 UTP

• Most common UTP cabling

• Four pairs of color-coded wires
• Prone to electromagnetic
interference (EMI) and radio
frequency interference (RFI)
 STP

• Better protection against EMI and

STP cabling
RFI
• More expensive and harder to install
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Copper Cables and Connectors
Twisted-Pair Category Ratings
Cat 5 UTP

Cat 5e UTP

Cat 6 UTP

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Copper Cables and Connectors
Twisted-Pair Wire Schemes
T568A T568B

When creating a cable to

connect a network device to a
wall jack or from the patch
panel to a switch, make both
ends of the cable the same
standard.

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Copper Cables and Connectors
Video Explanation – Build and Test a Network Cable

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Copper Cables and Connectors
Lab – Build and Test Network Cables

• In this lab, you will build and test a straight-through Unshielded Twisted-Pair
(UTP) Ethernet network cable.

Note: With a straight-through cable, the color of wire used by pin 1 on one end is
the same color used by pin 1 on the other end, and similarly for the remaining
seven pins. The cable will be constructed using either TIA/EIA T568A or T568B
standards for Ethernet. This determines which color wire is to be used on each pin.
Straight-through cables are normally used to connect a host directly to a switch or
a wall plate in an office area.

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Fiber Cables and Connectors
Fiber-Optic Cables
 Fiber-Optic cables

• Use light to transmit signals

• Not affected by EMI or RFI

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Fiber Cables and Connectors
Types of Fiber Media
 Single-mode fiber (SMF)

• Small core
SMF
• Uses laser technology to send one
beam of light
• Long distances
 Multimode fiber (MMF)

• Larger core
• Uses LEDs to send light
• Light is injected at different angles MMF
• Cheaper
• Bandwidth up to 10 Gb/s up to 550
meters

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Fiber Cables and Connectors
Fiber-Optic Connectors

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5.5 Chapter Summary

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Conclusion
Chapter 5: Network Concepts

• Explain components and types of computer networks.

• Explain networking protocols, standards and services.
• Explain the purpose of devices on a network.
• Explain the characteristics of network cables.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 78