Polynomial Equation

Masuma Parvin
Senior Lecturer
Department of GED
Objectives

 To recognize a polynomial function

 To determine the degree of a polynomial function

 To determine the value of the function with the use of the

Remainder theorem

 Use the factor theorem to determine the factors of a polynomial

 Use Descartes’ rule of signs to determine the maximum number of

positive and negative roots of a polynomial equation

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 Expression
An expression is a finite combination of mathematical symbols that
is well-formed according to the rules that depend on the context.

For example: An algebraic expression can be represented as:

+/- 7 x - 5

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Fun Facts:

• An expression does not contain equal to sign or any

inequalities signs.
• When we add inequality or equality sign to an expression, it
becomes an equation.
• Both sides of an equation are an expression.

• In expression power of the variable is any number.

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 Polynomial

A polynomial is an expression consisting of variables (also called

indeterminate) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer
exponents of variables.
For example: A polynomial of a single indeterminate, x is x2 + 4x -
7.

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 Zeros

Zeros are the values of the variables that vanishes the expression
or polynomial.
For example: 1 & 3 are the zeroes of the polynomial x2 - 4x + 3.

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 Equation & Identity

Equation is a mathematical statement that the values of two

expressions are equal and indicated by the sign =.

Identity is also an equation but it number of roots are more than its
degree.
For example, the equality of two expression x2 = 4x-3 is called an
equation.
On the other hand, the equality of two expression x2–x=x(x-1) is
called Identity due to it has more roots from its degree.

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 Roots / Solutions of an Equation

The roots /solutions of an equation are the values of the variables

that satisfies the equation or Identities.

For example, the equation x2 - 4x + 3=0 has two roots as 1 and 3.

But the identity x2–x=x(x-1) has infinitely many roots.

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 Remainder theorem

The remainder of the division of a polynomial f(x) by a linear

polynomial x-r is equal to f(r).

For example: For the polynomial f(x)=x2 +5x-6, the division of the
polynomial f(x) by x-3 yields 18, so f(3)=18 (Remainder).

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 Factor theorem

A polynomial f(x) has a factor (x-k) if and only if f(k)=0, where k is

the root of the polynomial.

For example, the polynomial x2 - 4x+3=0 has a factor (x-1) for

account of f(1)=0 if we say f(x)=x2 - 4x+3.

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 Quadratic Equation

An equation of the form ax2 +bx +c=0, a ≠0 is called quadratic

equation.
The word ‘quadratic’ comes from the Latin word ‘quadratus’ which
mean ‘square’. The constants a, b & c are called the coefficients of
the equation and may be distinguished by calling them,
respectively, the quadratic coefficient, the linear coefficient and the
constant or free term.

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 Solution of the Quadratic Equation

General quadratic equation is ax2 +bx +c=0, a ≠0.

Multiplying the above equation by 4a we get

4a2x2 +4abx
+4ac=0
(2ax)2
+2. 2ax.b + (b)2 –b2
(2ax + b)2 =b2 - 4ac
+4ac=0
2ax + b = ±√ (b2 - 4ac)
2ax = -b ±√ (b2 - 4ac)
x ={ -b ±√ (b2 - 4ac)}/2a

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 Discriminant

Discriminant is a function of the coefficients of a polynomial

equation whose value gives information about the roots of the
polynomial.
Here discriminant, D=b2 -
4ac

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Solve the equation x2 +5x +6=0
Using Factorization
Method:
x2 +5x +6=0

x2 +3x+2x + 6=0

x(x + 3)+2(x+3) = 0
(x + 3) (x+2) = 0

Therefore, (x + 3)=0 or
(x+2) = 0
So, x=- 3 or x = -2

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Solve the equation x2 +5x +6=0
Using Quadratic Equation Solution
Method:
We have, x2 +5x x ={ -b ±√ (b2 -
+6=0 4ac)}/2a
x =[ -5 ±√ {(-5)2 – 4.1.6)}]/2

={ -5 ±√ (25 – 24)}/2
={ -5 ±1 }/2

=(-5 +1)/2 or, (-5 -1)/2

=-2 or, -3

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Solve the equation x2 +5x +6=0
Using Remainder
Theorem:
Let f(x)=x2 +5x
+6=0
For x=-2, f(-2)=(-2)2 +5(-2) +
6=4-10+6=0
So one factor of f(x) is (x+2)

Now, x2 +5x +6=0

x2 +2x +3x Therefore, (x + 2)=0 or

+6=0
x(x+2)+3(x+2) (x+3) = 0
So, x= -2 or x = -3
=0
(x+2) (x+3)=0
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Solve the equation x3 -3x2 +3x -1=0
Using Remainder
Theorem:
Let f(x)=x3 -3x2 +3x -
(x-1) (x-1)2 =0
1=0x=1, f(1)=13 -3.12 +3. 1 -
For
(x-1) (x—1) (x-
1=1-3+3-1=0
So one factor of f(x) is (x-1)
1)=0
Therefore, (x -1)=0 or (x-1) = 0 or
Now, x3 -3x2 +3x -1=0
(x-1) = 0
x2 +2x +3x So, x= 1, 1, 1

x+6=0
2
(x-1)-2x(x-1)+1(x-
1)=0
(x-1) (x2-
2x+1)=0 17
Solve the equation 4x3 -24x2 +23x +18=0 having that the roots are in arithmetical
progression.
In accordance with the question, assume that the roots are α-
β, α & α+β
Now, α-β+α+α+β=-(-24)/4
When β =5/2, the roots are
=> 3α=6 => α=2
α-β, α & α+β=2-5/2, 2, 2+5/2

Again, (α-β) α (α+β)=- =-1/2, 2, 9/2

18/4 2 (2+β)=-18/4
(2-β) When β =-5/2, the roots are
2 (4-β2) =-18/4 α-β, α & α+β=2+5/2, 2, 2-5/2
4-β2 =-9/4 =9/2, 2, -1/2
β2
Therefore, the roots are 9/2, 2
β =±5/2
=4+9/4=25/4
and -1/2 18
Solve the equation 3x3 -26x2 +52x -24=0 having that the roots are in geometrical
progression.
In accordance with the question, assume that the roots are
α/β, α & αβ
Now, (α/β)+α+αβ=-(-26)/3 => 3β2 -9β- β +3=0
=> 3β(β-3)-1(β-3)=0
=> α {(1/β)+1+β}
=26/3 => (β-3) (3β-1)=0
Again, (α/β) α (αβ)=-(-
=> β=3 or, β= 1/3
24)/3
=> α3 =8 => α =2
When α =2, β =3, the roots
The value α=2 gives 2 {(1/β)+1+β}
are
=26/3
=> (1+β+ β2 )/ β =13/3 When α =2, βα/β,
=1/3,
α &the roots
αβ=2/3,

=>3+3β+3β2 =13 β are

2, 6

=> 3β -10β +3=0

2 Therefore, the α/β,
rootsα & αβ=6,
are 2/3, 2,2
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Solve the equation 2x3 -x2 -22x -24=0 having that two of the roots are in the ratio 3:4.
In accordance with the question, assume that the roots are
3α, 4α & β.
Now, 3 α +4α+β=-(-1/2)
=> 7α+β =1/2

Again, (3 α)(4 α)β=-(-

=>12α2 β=12
24)/2
=> β=1/ α2

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Solve the equation 24x3 -14x2 -63x+45=0 having that one root being double to another.
In accordance with the question, assume that the roots are α,
2α & β.
Now, α +2α+β=-(-14/24)
=> 3α+β =7/12
Again, α (2α)+αβ+2αβ=-63/24

And, (2α) α β=-45/24

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From an equation whose roots are 1, 2, 3 &4.
The roots of the equations are 1,
2, 3 &4.
Therefore, (x-1) (x-2) (x-3) (x-4)=0

=> (x2 -3x+2) (x2 -

7x+12) =0
=> x4 -7x3 +12x2 -3x3 +21x2 -36x+2x2 -
14x+24=0
=> x4 -10x3 +35x2 -50x+24=0

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Solve the equation x4 -16x3 +86x2 -176x+105=0 whose two roots being 1 & 7.
Since x=1 and x=7 are two roots of the given
equation.
Therefore, (x-1) (x-7)=0
=> x2 -8x+7 =0

Now, we write the given equation with the help of x2

-8x+7 =03 +7x2 -8x3 +64x2 -56x+ 15x2
x4 -8x -
120x+105=0
=> x2 (x2 -8x+7) -8x(x2 -8x+7) +15(x2 -
8x+7)
=> (x2 =0
-8x+7) (x2 -8x +15) =0
The other two roots are in the quadratic equation
x2 -8x=>
+15
x2=0
-3x-5x +15
=0
=> (x -3) (x-5)
=> x=3,
=0 x=5 23
The quadratic equation x2 -4x-1=2k(x-5) where k is a constant, has two equal roots.
Calculate the possible value of k.

Given equation x2 -4x-1=2k(x-5)

=> x2 – (4+2k)x+10k-
1=0 of the above equation is equal if B2 -4AC=0
The two roots

{–(4+2k)}2 -4.1. (10k-

1)=0
=>(4+2k) 2
- 40k+4=0
=> 16+16k+4k2 -
=> 4k2 - 24k+20=0
40k+4=0
=> k2 - 6k+5=0 Therefore, k= 1 or, 5

=> 4k2 - 5k-k+5=0

=> (k -5) (k-1)=0

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roots.

Given equation 2x2 +5x+3-k=0

The two roots of the above equation will be distinct if B2 -

4AC>0
52 -4.2.(3-k)>0

=>25 – 8 (3-k)>0
=> 25-24+8k>0
=> 1+8k>0
=> k>-1/8 Therefore, k>-1/8

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have?

Let f(x)=6x4 -13x3 -35x2 -x+3=0

In the above function f(x), the sign of the terms are +, -, -,

There
-, +. are two changes in the signs of f(x), so the given equation has
two positive roots.
Replacing x by –x in f(x), we get f(-x) =6(-x)4 +13(-x)3 -
35(-x)2 +(-x)+3=0
=6x4 +13x
In the above function f(-x), the sign of the terms are +, -+,
3

35x 2
There+
-, +, +x+3=0
are two changes in the signs of f(-x), so the given equation has
two negative roots.
It has no complex root since it’s degree is 4
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