SELECT...
FROM,
This gets the name and age of all students from the
students table.
Select name from Students
Field name Table name
https://sqlfiddle.com/sql-server/online-compiler?id=bf6e7886-ba1c-
4961-9b6e-8eb4b9500682
WHERE
Filters records (only shows data that meets a condition).
• SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition;
• SELECT * FROM students WHERE age > 18;
• This shows all columns of students who are older than 18.
• https://sqlfiddle.com/sql-server/online-compiler?id=5ada5e81-99f8-
463e-ac47-c1b439b8d631
ORDER BY
Purpose: Sorts the result in ascending or descending order.
• SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY age ASC; -- ASC (ascending),
DESC (descending)
• SELECT name, age FROM students ORDER BY age DESC;
• This shows names and ages sorted from oldest to youngest.
• https://sqlfiddle.com/sql-server/online-compiler?id=412a84c9-630a-4
e06-8a89-5f5480e866a9
• https://sqlfiddle.com/sql-server/online-compiler?id=23cf6b42-6c77-
42af-bf8b-664b14894711
GROUP BY
Purpose: Groups rows with the
same values in a column.
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name;
SELECT class, COUNT(*) FROM students GROUP BY class;
This counts how many students are in each class.
https://sqlfiddle.com/sql-server/online-compiler?id=54472182-65ff-44b
e-b8f4-e0b4c5c6df79
SELECT Grade, COUNT(*) FROM students GROUP BY Grade;
SUM
Adds values in a numeric column.
SELECT SUM(marks) FROM students;
➡️This shows the total of all students' marks.
COUNT
Counts the number of records.
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM students WHERE age >
16;
➡️Counts students older than 16.
AVG
Calculates the average value of a numeric column.
SELECT AVG(marks) FROM students;
➡️This gives the average marks of all students.
INNER JOIN?
An INNER JOIN combines rows from two or more tables
based on a matching column between them.
It returns only the rows that have matching values
in both tables.
SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.common_column =
table2.common_column;
Student & Class Tables
🎯 Table 1: students
🎯 Table 2: classes
class_id class_name
101 Computer Sci
102 Maths
103 Physics
student_id name class_id
1 Alice 101
2 Bob 102
3 Clara 101
• SELECT students.name, classes.class_name
• FROM students
• INNER JOIN classes
• ON students.class_id = classes.class_id;
name class_name
Alice Computer Sci
Bob Maths
Clara Computer Sci
Notice:
•Student Clara is matched with class Computer Sci because her class_id is 101.
•The class with ID 103 (Physics) is not shown because no student belongs to it.
•This is what makes it an "INNER" join — it only returns matching records.
• The UPDATE command is used to change the data. If the band ABC recruited an
extra member , SQL would make the change needed.
• UPDATE Band
• SET NumberOfMembers = 6
• WHERE BandName= “ABC”
