Information Systems Security

‫أمن نظم المعلومات‬

6 ‫المحاضرة رقم‬
DES Algorithm

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 1

 DES Algorithm
 Let M be the plain text message ‫النص االصلي‬
M = 0123456789ABCDEF, where M is in hexadecimal (base 16)
format.
 M = 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010
1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

 Let K be the hexadecimal key ‫المفتاح‬

K = 133457799BBCDFF1
 K = 00010011 00110100 01010111 01111001 10011011 10111100
11011111 11110001

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 2

 DES Algorithm

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 3

 Step 1: Create 16 sub keys, each of which is 48-bits
.long
K =00010011 00110100 01010111 01111001 10011011 10111100 11011111 11110001
we get the 56-bit permutation ‫تباديل‬
K+ =1111000 0110011 0010101 0101111 0101010 1011001 1001111 0001111

‫ بت‬28 ‫كل نصف من‬

C0 and D0, each half has 28 bits
C0 = 1111000 0110011 0010101 0101111
D0 = 0101010 1011001 1001111 0001111

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 4

 Step 1: Create 16 sub keys, each of which is 48-bits
.long
Each pair of blocks Cn and Dn is formed from the previous pair Cn- Iteration Number of
Number Left Shifts
1 and Dn-1, respectively, for n = 1, 2, ..., 16, using the following
schedule of "left shifts" of the previous block.
1 1
 C = 1110000110011001010101011111
1 2 1
D1 = 1010101011001100111100011110 3 2
 C2 = 1100001100110010101010111111 4 2
5 2
D2 = 0101010110011001111000111101
6 2
 C3 = 0000110011001010101011111111 7 2
D3 = 0101011001100111100011110101 8 2
9 1
 C4 = 0011001100101010101111111100
10 2
D4 = 0101100110011110001111010101 11 2
 C5 = 1100110010101010111111110000 12 2
D5 = 0110011001111000111101010101 13 2
14 2
 C6 = 0011001010101011111111000011 15 2
D6 = 1001100111100011110101010101 16 1
 C7 = 1100101010101111111100001100
D7 = 0110011110001111010101010110 04/25/2025 5
Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University
 Step 1: Create 16 sub keys, each of which is 48-bits
.long
 C8 = 0010101010111111110000110011 Iteration Number of
D8 = 1001111000111101010101011001 Number Left Shifts
 C9 = 0101010101111111100001100110
1 1
D9 = 0011110001111010101010110011 2 1
 C10 = 0101010111111110000110011001 3 2
D10 = 1111000111101010101011001100 4 2
 C11 = 0101011111111000011001100101 5 2
6 2
D11 = 1100011110101010101100110011
7 2
 C12 = 0101111111100001100110010101 8 2
D12 = 0001111010101010110011001111 9 1
 C13 = 0111111110000110011001010101 10 2
D13 = 0111101010101011001100111100 11 2
12 2
 C14 = 1111111000011001100101010101 13 2
D14 = 1110101010101100110011110001 14 2
 C15 = 1111100001100110010101010111 15 2
D15 = 1010101010110011001111000111 16 1
 C16 = 1111000011001100101010101111
D16 = 0101010101100110011110001111
Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 6
 Step 1: Create 16 sub keys, each of which is 48-bits
.long
 C1D1 = 1110000 1100110 0101010 1011111 1010101 0110011
0011110 0011110

 PC-2 only uses 48 of these.

 ‫ منهم‬48 ‫تستخدم فقط‬

 K1 = 000110 110000 001011 101111 111111 000111 000001

110010

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 7

 Step 1: Create 16 sub keys, each of which is 48-bits
.long
 K1 = 000110 110000 001011 101111 111111 000111 000001 110010
K2 = 011110 011010 111011 011001 110110 111100 100111 100101
K3 = 010101 011111 110010 001010 010000 101100 111110 011001
K4 = 011100 101010 110111 010110 110110 110011 010100 011101
K5 = 011111 001110 110000 000111 111010 110101 001110 101000
K6 = 011000 111010 010100 111110 010100 000111 101100 101111
K7 = 111011 001000 010010 110111 111101 100001 100010 111100
K8 = 111101 111000 101000 111010 110000 010011 101111 111011
K9 = 111000 001101 101111 101011 111011 011110 011110 000001
K10 = 101100 011111 001101 000111 101110 100100 011001 001111
K11 = 001000 010101 111111 010011 110111 101101 001110 000110
K12 = 011101 010111 000111 110101 100101 000110 011111 101001
K13 = 100101 111100 010111 010001 111110 101011 101001 000001
K14 = 010111 110100 001110 110111 111100 101110 011100 111010
K15 = 101111 111001 000110 001101 001111 010011 111100 001010
Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 8
K = 110010 110011 110110 001011 000011 100001 011111 110101
 Step 1: Create 16 sub keys, each of which is 48-bits
.long

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 9

 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data
 M = 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010
1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

 IP = 1100 1100 0000 0000 1100 1100 1111 1111 1111 0000 1010
1010 1111 0000 1010 1010

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 10

 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data

L0 R0

L1 R1

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 11

 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data
 IP = 1100 1100 0000 0000 1100 1100 1111 1111
1111 0000 1010 1010 1111 0000 1010 1010

L = 1100 1100 0000 0000 1100 1100 1111 1111

0
R0 = 1111 0000 1010 1010 1111 0000 1010 1010

L = Rn-1
n
Rn = Ln-1 + f (Rn-1 , Kn)

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 12

 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data

L0 R0

L1 R1

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 13

 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data
 For n = 1
 K = 000110 110000 001011 101111 111111 000111
1
000001 110010

 L1 = R0 = 1111 0000 1010 1010 1111 0000 1010 1010

 R1 = L0 + f (R0 , K1)

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 14

 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data
 a function f operates on two blocks ‫الدالة تعمل مع‬
• a data block of 32 bits and 32 ‫البيانات والمكونة من‬
‫بت‬
• a key Kn of 48 bits. ‫ بت‬48 ‫المفتاح والمكون من‬
 To calculate f , we first expand each block R n-1 from 32
bits to 48 bits. ‫ بت‬48 ‫ الى‬32 ‫نوسع البلوك من‬
 This is done by using a selection table that repeats some

of the bits in Rn-1 by using E ‫باستخدام جدول االختيار‬

 Thus E(Rn-1) has a 32 bit input block, and a 48 bit output
block. ‫ بت‬48 ‫ بت وتخرج‬32 ‫تاخذ‬
Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 15
 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data
 R0 = 1111 0000 1010 1010 1111 0000 1010 1010

 E(R0) = 011110 100001 010101 010101 011110 100001

010101 010101
Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 16
 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data
 f ( E(R0) , K1 )
 K1 = 000110 110000 001011 101111 111111 000111 000001 110010

 E(R0)= 011110 100001 010101 010101 011110 100001 010101 010101

 E(R0) + K1 = 011000 010001 011110 111010 100001 100110 010100

100111.
 =B1B2B3B4B5B6B7B8
 =S1(B1)S2(B2)S3(B3)S4(B4)S5(B5)S6(B6)S7(B7)S8(B8)

 Each of the functions S1, S2,..., S8, takes a 6-bit block as input and
yields a 4-bit block as output ‫ بت‬4 ‫ بت وتعطي‬6 ‫كل من هذه الدوال تأخذ‬
‫كمخرجات‬
Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 17
 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data

‫ البت االول واالخير يمثل‬

3 ‫ الى‬0 ‫رقم عشري من‬
i ‫وهذا يكون‬
‫ االربعة بت في الوسط‬
15 ‫ الى‬0 ‫يمثل رقم من‬
j ‫وهذا يكون‬

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 18

 ‫‪.Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data‬‬
‫انظر الجدول للرقم في الصف ‪i‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫والعمود ‪j‬‬
‫وهو رقم من ‪ 0‬الى ‪ 15‬ويمثل‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫بأربع بتات‬
‫هذا الرقم هو مخرج الدالة ‪S‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫للمدخل ‪B‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫= )‪S8(100111‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪i=11=3‬‬
‫‪ j=0011=3‬‬

‫بالصف الثالث والعمود الثالث‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫يوجد الرقم ‪ 7‬والذي يكون ‪0111‬‬

‫‪Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University‬‬ ‫‪04/25/2025‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬

 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data
 S1(B1)S2(B2)S3(B3)S4(B4)S5(B5)S6(B6)S7(B7)S8(B8) =
0101 1100 1000 0010 1011 0101 1001 0111

 f = P(S1(B1) S2(B2)...S8(B8))

 f = P (0101 1100 1000 0010 1011 0101 1001 0111)

 f = 0010 0011 0100 1010 1010 1001 1011 1011

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 20

 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data
 R1 = L0 + f (R0 , K1 )

 = 1100 1100 0000 0000 1100 1100 1111 1111

 + 0010 0011 0100 1010 1010 1001 1011 1011

 = 1110 1111 0100 1010 0110 0101 0100 0100

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 21

 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data

L0 R0

L1 R1

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 22

 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data
 L16 = 0100 0011 0100 0010 0011 0010 0011 0100
R16 = 0000 1010 0100 1100 1101 1001 1001 0101

16 ‫بالنهاية وبعد الجولة ال‬ 

‫نحصل على‬
R16 ‫ و‬L16 

‫نعيد ترتيب مواقعهم الى‬ 

‫النص المشفر‬
IP-1 ‫النهائي باستخدام الجدول‬ 

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 23

 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data

L0 R0

L1 R1

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 24

 .Step 2: Encode each 64-bit block of data

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 25

 The End

Information Systems Security– Queen Arwa University 04/25/2025 26