Chapter 3

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

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 Introduction to AI
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and
Intelligence.
Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking
power", or “the ability to learn and solve problems” hence Artificial
Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power."
Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be defined as the branch of computer
science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave
like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.
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
Cont’d
Intelligence, is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.
 Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.
 Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure (training)
 Summing the terms up, we get AI as the “copy of something natural (i.e., human beings)
‘WHO’ is capable of acquiring and applying the information it has gained through exposure.”
 AI exists when a machine can have human-based skills such as learning, reasoning, and
problem solving….etc.
 Intelligence is composed of:Reasoning, Learning, Problem Solving, Perception, Linguistic
Intelligence, and etc.

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 Cont’d
 An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment.
 An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its environment
through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors.
 Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.
 Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras,
microphones, sensors, etc.) to deduce aspects of the world. e.g., Computer
Vision

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 Cont’d
 examples of AI includes:
 autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-driving cars)
 medical diagnosis
 creating art (such as poetry)
 proving mathematical theorems
 playing games (such as Chess or Go)

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 Examples of AI Cont’d
 search engines (such as Google search)
 online assistants (such as Siri)
 image recognition in photographs
 spam filtering
 prediction of judicial decisions and targeting online
advertisements
 Machine Learning is the study of computer algorithms
that improve automatically through experience.
 Machine Learning is an advanced form of AI where the
machine can learn as it goes rather than having every
action programmed by humans.
 The term machine learning was introduced by Arthur
Samuel in1959.
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 Cont’d
 Neural networks are biologically inspired networks
that extract features from the data in a hierarchical
fashion.
 A neural network with several hidden layers is called
deep learning.

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 Why we need AI?
1. To create expert systems that exhibit
intelligent behavior with the capability to
learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its
users.
2. Helping machines find solutions to complex
problems like humans do and applying them
as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.

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 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
The main goals of Artificial Intelligence are:
 Replicate human intelligence
 Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
 An intelligent connection of perception and action
 Building a machine which can perform tasks that
requires human intelligence such as:
 Proving a theorem, playing chess, plan some
surgical operation, driving a car in traffic…etc.
 Creating some system which can exhibit
intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

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 What Comprises to AI?
 AI is not just a part of computer science , it's
so vast and requires a lots of
fields(disciplines) that contribute to it.

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Advantages of Artificial
Intelligence
 High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems
are prone to fewer errors and high accuracy as it takes
decisions as per pre-experience or information.
 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-
decision making,
 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can
perform the same action multiple times with high accuracy.
 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in
situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor,
where to employ a human can be risky.
 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital
assistant to the users.
 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public
utilities.

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 Disadvantages of Artificial
Intelligence
 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very
costly.
 Can't think out of the box: AI machines cannot work out of the
box, they only do that work for which they are trained, or
programmed.
 No feelings and emotions: AI machines does not have the
feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with
humans, and may sometimes be harmful for users if the proper
care is not taken.
 Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of
technology, people are getting more dependent on devices and
hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can
imagine some new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this
power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and
imaginative.
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 Reading Assignment

 History of AI

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 Levels of AI
Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems
A rule-based system is a system that applies human-made rules
to store, sort and manipulate data. They require a set of facts or
source of data, and a set of rules for manipulating that data.
The most common uses of AI today fit in this bracket, covering
everything from business software (Robotic Process Automation) and
domestic appliances to aircraft autopilots.
Stage 2–Context Awareness and Retention
Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain they
are being applied in.
They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best
humans, and their knowledge base can be updated as new situations
and queries arise.
Well known applications of this level are chatbots and “roboadvisors”.

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 Cont’d
Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise
By going beyond the capability of humans, these systems build up
expertise in a specific context taking in massive volumes of information
which they can use for decision making.
Successful use cases have been seen in cancer diagnosis and the well-
known Google Deepmind’s AlphaGo.
Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines
These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to
themselves and others
They have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge, and how their own
logic works. This means they could reason or negotiate with humans and
other machines.
At the moment these algorithms are still in development

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 Cont’d
Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
These systems have human-like intelligence.
The most commonly portrayed AI in media – however, no such use is in
evidence today.
It is the goal of many working in AI and some believe it could be realized
already from 2024.
Stage 6 – Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)
AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in every
domain.
examples would include solving problems we have failed to so far, such
as world hunger and dangerous environmental change.

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 Cont’d
Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence.
This is the idea that development provided by ASI (Stage 6) leads
to a massive expansion in human capability.
Human augmentation could connect our brains to each
other and to a future successor of the current internet, creating a
“hive mind” that shares ideas, solves problems collectively, and
even gives others access to our dreams as observers or
participants.
Some proponents(supporters) of singularity, suggests that we
could see it happen by 2045, but others argues that singularity is
impossible and human consciousness could never be digitized.

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 Figure . The seven layers of AI maturity

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 Types of AI
 Artificial Intelligence can be divided into
various types.
 Mainly AI can be categorized into two types,
which are:
 based on capabilities and
 based on functionally

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 A. Based on Capabilities(type-1)
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with
intelligence. It cannot perform beyond its field.
 It is the most common and currently available type of AI.
 Some Examples of Narrow AI are Google translate, playing chess, purchasing
suggestions on e-commerce sites, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and
image recognition
2. General AI:
 General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
 The idea behind the general AI is to make a system that could be smarter and
think like a human on its own.
 Currently, a system which could come under general AI does not exist.

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 Cont’d
3. Super AI:
 Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines
could surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better
than a human with cognitive properties.
 This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem solving and
creativity.
 It is an outcome of general AI.
 Some key characteristics of strong AI includes: the ability to think, to
reason solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate on its own.
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence.

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 B. Based on the
functionality(type-2)
1. Reactive Machines
 Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of AI.
 Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future
actions.
 These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per
possible best action.
 Google's AlphaGo and IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive
machines.
2. Limited Memory
 Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for
short (limited) period of time.
 Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems.

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 Cont’d
3. Theory of Mind
 Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people,
beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.
 This type of AI machines is still not developed.
4. Self-Awareness
 Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
 These machines will be super intelligent and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self awareness.
 These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
 Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality and it is a hypothetical
concept.

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 How does human being think ?
 Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of
three main stages:
 Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
 Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from
the surrounding environment.
 Make decisions as a reaction towards what you
received as input and interpreted and evaluated.
 AI researchers are simulating the same stages in
building AI systems or models.
 This process represents the main three layers or
components of AI systems.

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Mapping human thinking to AI
Components
 Because AI is the science of simulating human thinking, it is
possible to map the human thinking stages to the layers or
components of AI systems.
 In the first stage:
 humans acquire information from their surrounding
environments through human senses.
 In AI models, this stage is represented by the sensing layer,
which perceives information from the surrounding environment.
 For example, there are sensing agents such as voice recognition
for sensing voice and visual imaging recognition for sensing
images.
 Thus, these agents or sensors take the role of the hearing and
sight senses in humans.

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 Cont’d
 The second stage
 is related to interpreting and evaluating the input
data.
 In AI, this stage is represented by the interpretation
layer, that is, reasoning and thinking about the
gathered input that is acquired by the sensing layer.
 The third stage
 is related to taking action or making decisions.
 After evaluating the input data, the interacting layer
performs the necessary tasks.
 Robotic movement control and speech generation
are examples of functions that are implemented in
the interacting layer

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Influencers of artificial intelligence
 Big data: Structured data versus unstructured
data
 Advancements in computer processing speed
and new chip architectures
 Cloud computing and APIs
 The emergence of data science

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 Applications of AI
 Following are some sectors which have the
application of Artificial Intelligence:
 Agriculture
 Health
 Business (Emerging market)
 Education
 Finance and E-commerce
 Gaming
 Data Security
 Entertainment
 Social Media …etc.

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 AI tools and platforms
 AI platforms are defined as some sort of hardware
architecture or software framework (including
application frameworks), that allows the software to run.
 Artificial intelligence (AI) platforms provide users a
toolkit to build intelligent applications.
 These platforms combines intelligent, decision-making
algorithms with data, which enables developers to
create a business solution.

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 Cont’d
 AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most
difficult problems in computer science, like:
 Search and optimization
 Logic, Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
 Classifiers and statistical learning methods
 Neural networks
 Control theory
 Languages
 The most common artificial intelligence platforms
include:
 Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning,
 Google Cloud Prediction API,
 IBM Watson,
 TensorFlow ….etc.

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 Sample AI application
 Commuting: e.g.. commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot
 Email: e.g. Spam Filters
 Social Networking: e.g. Facebook - When you upload photos to Facebook, the
service automatically
highlights faces and suggests friends tag.
 Online Shopping: e.g. Recommendations - You see recommendations for products
you’re interested.
 Mobile Use: e.g. Voice-to-Text.
 Gaming

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